{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:27:55Z","timestamp":1783099675218,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,7,1]],"date-time":"1990-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":646790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Volume rendering<\/jats:italic>\n            is a technique for visualizing sampled scalar or vector fields of three spatial dimensions without fitting geometric primitives to the data. A subset of these techniques generates images by computing 2-D projections of a colored semitransparent volume, where the color and opacity at each point are derived from the data using local operators. Since all voxels participate in the generation of each image, rendering time grows linearly with the size of the dataset. This paper presents a front-to-back image-order volume-rendering algorithm and discusses two techniques for improving its performance. The first technique employs a pyramid of binary volumes to encode spatial coherence present in the data, and the second technique uses an opacity threshold to adaptively terminate ray tracing. Although the actual time saved depends on the data, speedups of an order of magnitude have been observed for datasets of useful size and complexity. Examples from two applications are given: medical imaging and molecular graphics.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/78964.78965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T11:29:00Z","timestamp":1027769340000},"page":"245-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":643,"title":["Efficient ray tracing of volume data"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Levoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964965.808589"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Proceedings of Eurographics '87","author":"AMANTIDES J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume-title":"ACM","author":"ARVO J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01908895","article-title":"Two algorithms for taking advantage of temporal coherence in ray tracing","volume":"4","author":"BADT S.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Visual Comput."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01905559","article-title":"Analysis of an algorithm for fast ray tracing using uniform space subdivision","volume":"4","author":"CLEARY J. G.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Visual Comput."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/7529.8927"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964965.808592"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/378456.378484"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359842.359846"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FUJIMOTO A. TANAKA T. AND IWATA K. ARTS: Accelerated ray-tracing system. IEEE Comput. p_.^.k AppL 6 A (Apr. 1986) in_on 10.1109\/MCG.1986.276715   FUJIMOTO A. TANAKA T. AND IWATA K. ARTS: Accelerated ray-tracing system. IEEE Comput. p_.^.k AppL 6 A (Apr. 1986) in_on 10.1109\/MCG.1986.276715","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.1986.276715"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-664X(82)90058-2","article-title":"Linear octtrees for fast processing of three-dimensional objects","volume":"20","author":"GAROANTINI I","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"460","volume-title":"Proc. SPIE 626","author":"GARGANT N!","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.1984.6429331","article-title":"Space subdivision for fast ray tracing","volume":"4","author":"GLASSNER A.S","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","volume-title":"Calif.","author":"GOLDWASSER S.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.1986.276832","article-title":"The light buffer: A shadow-testing accelerator","volume":"6","author":"HAINES E. A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964965.808588"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-664X(79)90079-0","article-title":"Three-dimensional display of human organs from computer tomograms","volume":"9","author":"HERMAN G. T.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KAJIYA J.T. New techniques for ray tracing procedurally defined objects. Comput. Graph. 17 3 (July i~) ~I-ioz. 10.1145\/964967.801137   KAJIYA J.T. New techniques for ray tracing procedurally defined objects. Comput. Graph. 17 3 (July i~) ~I-ioz. 10.1145\/964967.801137","DOI":"10.1145\/964967.801137"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/15886.15916"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","unstructured":"LEVOY xvL Dis ay u~ surfacestrum vutu ne uaLa. l~.~z~ wuutpu~ uruprt. 29-37. 10.1109\/38.511   LEVOY xvL Dis ay u~ surfacestrum vutu ne uaLa. l~.~z~ wuutpu~ uruprt. 29-37. 10.1109\/38.511"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","unstructured":"LEVOY M. Display of surfaces from volume data. Ph.D. dissertation Dept. of Computer Science IT.n.i~J. r FKIA'~h O.ornli~o Ohon~ i T-.Till l~o L lClRCl   LEVOY M. Display of surfaces from volume data. Ph.D. dissertation Dept. of Computer Science IT.n.i~J. r FKIA'~h O.ornli~o Ohon~ i T-.Till l~o L lClRCl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LEVO~ M. Volume rendering hy adaptive refinement. Visual Comput. 6 i (Feb. 1990) 2-7. 10.1007\/BF01902624   LEVO~ M. Volume rendering hy adaptive refinement. Visual Comput. 6 i (Feb. 1990) 2-7. 10.1007\/BF01902624","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01902624"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37422"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-664X(82)90104-6","article-title":"Geometric modeling using octree encoding","volume":"19","author":"MEAGHER D","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Proceedings of CG International '87","author":"OHTA M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964965.808606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/965105.807479"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/378456.378476"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"114","volume-title":"Proceedings of NCGA '86","author":"SCHLUSSELBERG D. 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