{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T03:22:23Z","timestamp":1771471343581,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Annual Reviews","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annu. Rev. Control Robot. Auton. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> While reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions remains the most essential element of any strategy to manage climate change risk, it is also in principle possible to directly cool the climate by reflecting some sunlight back to space. Such climate engineering approaches include adding aerosols to the stratosphere and marine cloud brightening. Assessing whether these ideas could reduce risk requires a broad, multidisciplinary research effort spanning climate science, social sciences, and governance. However, if such strategies were ever used, the effort would also constitute one of the most critical engineering design and control challenges ever considered: making real-time decisions for a highly uncertain and nonlinear dynamic system with many input variables, many measurements, and a vast number of internal degrees of freedom, the dynamics of which span a wide range of timescales. Here, we review the engineering design aspects of climate engineering, discussing both progress to date and remaining challenges that will need to be addressed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-control-053018-023725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T19:02:46Z","timestamp":1538679766000},"page":"445-467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Engineering of Climate Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Douglas G.","family":"MacMartin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Kravitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786449608620846"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Global warming of 1.5\u00b0C","author":"IPCC (Intergov. Panel Clim. Change)","year":"2018"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Adoption of the Paris Agreement","author":"UN","year":"2015"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5761"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18307"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration","author":"Natl. Res. Counc.","year":"2015"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14503-9"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"1029","volume-title":"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Collins M","year":"2013"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth","author":"Natl. Res. Counc.","year":"2015"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"IPCC (Intergov. Panel Clim. Change)","year":"2013"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.186.4170.1163"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/SP010"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9101-y"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/347339b0"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2012.0086"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"307","volume":"14","author":"Parson EA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theor. Inq. Law"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0759-7"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/reu011"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/isr\/viv013"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1998RG000054"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014448"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.296.5568.727"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/3\/034019"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-016-9723-y"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aae98d"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014638"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-4237-2011"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1857"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/3\/034009"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"12616","volume":"122","author":"Kravitz B","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. A"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0267.1"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028906","volume":"124","author":"MacMartin DG","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. A"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-042711-105548"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782621225-00162"},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"The European Transdisciplinary Assessment of Climate Engineering (EuTRACE): removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and reflecting sunlight away from Earth","author":"Sch\u00e4fer S","year":"2015"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.423"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0454"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0777-5"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0932-z"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2014.0175"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2014.0059"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016EF000504"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000601"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL006086"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8320","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50646","volume":"118","author":"Kravitz B","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608163103"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-5-709-2012"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153966"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-2307-2018"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD017607"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058818"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"12557","volume":"122","author":"Richter JH","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. A"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL053797"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4533","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50388","volume":"118","author":"Cirisan A","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-14867-2018"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024290","volume":"121","author":"Mills MJ","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. A"},{"key":"B58","first-page":"13061","volume":"122","author":"Mills M","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. A"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016EF000418"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL043975"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-9129-2015"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-2769-2018"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"12591","volume":"122","author":"Tilmes S","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. A"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000720"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016EF000465"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020648","volume":"119","author":"Curry CL","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. A"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008153107"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510530112"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711648105"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11036","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50868","volume":"118","author":"Tilmes S","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13087","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020502","volume":"118","author":"Kravitz B","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2008.0132"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010050"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-4-301-2013"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1722"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-7-469-2016"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076472"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD028146","volume":"123","author":"Tilmes S","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. A"},{"key":"B79","first-page":"12574","volume":"122","author":"MacMartin DG","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. A"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009519107"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1528"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022734"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-11835-2015"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1615572113"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070701"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074647"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400828739","volume-title":"Analysis and Design of Feedback Systems","author":"\u00c5str\u00f6m KJ","year":"2008"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL044050"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-2525-2017"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048623"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)020<1857:AFOGWF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v27i2.9900"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/3\/034039"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-15789-2016"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/4\/044006"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013MS000265"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asl.387"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-013-1822-9"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2014.0134"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076546"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062240"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1995)008<1999:TOGOTS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-010313-141322"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(89)90002-2"}],"container-title":["Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1146\/annurev-control-053018-023725","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T10:42:28Z","timestamp":1633689748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev-control-053018-023725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1146\/annurev-control-053018-023725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-control-053018-023725","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-5144","2573-5144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-5144","type":"print"},{"value":"2573-5144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]}}}