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This article reviews recent advances in conceptual and empirical knowledge linking urbanization and the environment, focusing on six core aspects: air pollution, ecosystems, land use, biogeochemical cycles and water pollution, solid waste management, and the climate. We identify several emerging trends and remaining questions in urban environmental research, including (a) increasing evidence on the amplified or accelerated environmental impacts of urbanization; (b) varying distribution patterns of impacts along geographical and other socio-economic gradients; (c) shifting focus from understanding and quantifying the impacts of urbanization toward understanding the processes and underlying mechanisms; (d) increasing focus on understanding complex interactions and interlinkages among different environmental, social, economic, and cultural processes; and (e) conceptual advances that call for articulating and using a systems approach in cities. In terms of governing the urban environment, there is an increasing focus on public participation and coproduction of knowledge with stakeholders. Cities are actively experimenting toward sustainability under a plethora of guiding concepts that manifests their aspirational goals, with varying levels of implementation and effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-102016-061128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]],"date-time":"2017-08-14T17:38:57Z","timestamp":1502732337000},"page":"215-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":306,"title":["Linking Urbanization and the Environment: Conceptual and Empirical Advances"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timon","family":"McPhearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Systems Lab, The New School, New York, NY 10003, USA"},{"name":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York 12545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Cleugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Science Centre, CSIRO, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harini","family":"Nagendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Development, Azim Premji University, Bangalore 560100, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban and Economic Geography, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Guan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"1.\u2002United Nations. 2015. 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