{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:57:15Z","timestamp":1778601435215,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Annual Reviews","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Cooperatives are of particular interest to economists because of their unique ownership structure and the incentives this structure creates. In addition to the so-called property rights problems (e.g., free-rider, horizon, and portfolio problems), the analysis of agricultural cooperatives has focused on issues of market power, agency, product quality, and increasingly producer and consumer heterogeneity. These last three elements are important features of the industrialization of the agrifood system. This article highlights the key concepts required for examination of cooperatives now and in the future and incorporates these concepts into a framework that can be used to examine the myriad situations and problem settings in which agricultural cooperatives are likely to be found. A key finding of the paper is that the procompetitive and distributional impacts of cooperatives depend critically on the sensitivity of price in the downstream retail market, the nature of the cooperative\u2019s governance structure, and the open or closed nature of cooperative membership. The article also provides a discussion of new areas in which an understanding of cooperatives and collective action would be valuable, as well as a discussion of the applicability of the proposed framework to these areas. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-091912-151928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T00:56:37Z","timestamp":1373590597000},"page":"61-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The Future of Agricultural Cooperatives"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Murray","family":"Fulton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B8;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Giannakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0922;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty","author":"Acemoglu D","year":"2012"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0895330053147930"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9442.00083"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1765(98)00068-8"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Alston J, Fulton ME. 2009.Institutional failure and underinvestment in levy-funded agricultural research. Presented at Can. Agric. Econ. Soc. Annu. Meet., Toronto"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318600"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/256035"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2007.05.006"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1244021"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caves RE, Petersen BC. 1986. Cooperatives\u2019 tax \u201cadvantages\u201d: growth, retained earnings, and equity rotation.Am. J. Agric. Econ.68:207\u201313","DOI":"10.2307\/1241422"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"348","volume":"26","author":"Chaddad F","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy"},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Industrial Organization: A Strategic Approach","author":"Church J","year":"2000"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0002-9092.2004.00673.x"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1243338"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"525","volume":"49","author":"Cook ML","year":"1999","journal-title":"LTA"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Cook ML, Iliopoulos C, Chaddad FR. 2004. Advances in cooperative theory since 1990: a review of agricultural economics literature. InRestructuring Agricultural Cooperatives, ed. GWJ Hendrikse, pp. 65\u201390. Rotterdam: Rotterdam Sch. Manag., Erasmus Univ."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8292.2004.00241.x"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"41","volume":"1984","author":"Cotterill R","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Coop."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2681(98)00060-2"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.31.020180.001125"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"131","volume":"36","author":"Drivas K","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rural Coop."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9552.2009.00236.x"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Fulton ME","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Agric. Coop."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1243337"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0002-9092.00276"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5543-0_6"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"145","volume":"40","author":"Fulton ME","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rural Coop"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"166","volume":"37","author":"Fulton ME","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rural Coop."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"Fulton ME","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coop."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannakas K. 2011. Consumer demand in vertically differentiated markets. See Lusk et al. 2011, Chapter 9","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199569441.013.0010"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2005.00731.x"},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"Giannakas K, Fulton ME. 2012a.The economic impact of corruption in co-operatives. Presented at Coop. Values Int. Oper. Conf., Helsinki, Finland"},{"key":"B33","unstructured":"Giannakas K, Fulton ME. 2012b.Horizon and free-rider problems in cooperative organizations. Presented at Ind. Organ. Food Process. Ind. Conf., Toulouse, Fr."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199247757.001.0001"},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"Harris A, Stefanson B, Fulton ME. 1996. New generation cooperatives and cooperative theory.J. Coop.11:15\u201329"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/12.4.53"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1235830"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1236444"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8276.00246"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9552.2001.tb00909.x"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00064.x"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman R. 2005. Ownership structure and endogenous quality choice: cooperatives versus investor-owned firms.J. Agric. Food Ind. Organ.3:8.http:\/\/www.bepress.com\/jafio\/","DOI":"10.2202\/1542-0485.1098"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00083"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hueth B, Marcoul P. 2003. An essay on cooperative bargaining in US agricultural markets.J. Agric. Food Ind. Organ.1","DOI":"10.2202\/1542-0485.1020"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2006.00903.x"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2009.01287.x"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"566","volume":"84","author":"Innes R","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/296060"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5543-0","volume-title":"Vertical Markets and Cooperative Hierarchies: The Role of Cooperatives in the Agri-Food Industry","author":"Karantininis K","year":"2007"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0002-9092.00277"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"King RP","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Coop."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knoeber CR, Baumer DL. 1983. Understanding retained patronage refunds in agricultural cooperative.Am. J. Agric. Econ. 58:30\u201337","DOI":"10.2307\/1240334"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2007.01036.x"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9552.1983.tb00973.x"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199569441.001.0001"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:REIO.0000005595.35570.1a"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"M\u00e9rel PR","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rural Coop."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9rel PR, Sexton RJ. 2011. Models of horizontal product differentiation in food markets. See Lusk et al. 2011, Chapter 10","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199569441.013.0011"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00214770180001118"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2008.01142.x"},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"The Sunkist Case: A Study in Legal-Economic Analysis","author":"Mueller WF","year":"1987"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"51","volume":"14","author":"Murray G","year":"1983","journal-title":"Agric. Admin."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"81","volume":"14","author":"Murray G","year":"1983","journal-title":"Agric. Admin."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"449\u201370","volume":"4","author":"Nilsson J","year":"1999","journal-title":"LTA"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5221(01)00010-0"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson J. 2007. The nature of cooperative values and principles.Ann. Public Coop. Econ.67:633\u201353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01411.x"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511808678"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8276.00380"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1234405"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5543-0_14"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/467146"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijindorg.2007.05.005"},{"key":"B73","unstructured":"Royer J. 1987.Cooperative theory: new approaches. Serv. Rep. 18, Agric. Coop. Serv., US Dep. Agric. (USDA), Washington, DC"},{"key":"B74","unstructured":"Saitone TL, Sexton RJ. 2009a.An evaluation of cooperatives\u2019 comparative strengths and weaknesses in a vertically differentiated agricultural product market.Discuss. Pap., Cent. Coop., Univ. Wis., Madison"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2009.01288.x"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.resource.050708.144154"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00215100480001151"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7976.1984.tb02135.x"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1243041"},{"key":"B80","unstructured":"Sexton RJ. 1995. A perspective on Helmberger and Hoos\u2019 theory of cooperatives.J. Coop.10:92\u201399"},{"key":"B81","first-page":"95:209\u201319","author":"Sexton RJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2555643"},{"key":"B83","unstructured":"Staatz JM. 1989.Farmer cooperative theory: recent developments. Res. Rep. 84, Agric. Coop. Serv., USDA, Washington, DC"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0002-9092.00278"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9552.1995.tb00750.x"},{"key":"B86","unstructured":"Torgerson RE, Reynolds BJ, Gray T. 1998. Evolution of cooperative thought, theory and purpose.J. Coop.13:1\u201320"},{"key":"B87","first-page":"49","volume":"10","author":"Trechter DD","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Coop"},{"key":"B88","first-page":"492","volume":"19","author":"Trechter DD","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy"},{"key":"B89","unstructured":"Trewin R, ed. 2004.Cooperatives: issues and trends in developing countries. Tech. Rep. 53, Aust. Cent. Int. Agric. Res., Canberra"},{"key":"B90","volume-title":"Farm marketing, supply and service cooperative historical statistics. Coop. Inf. Rep. 1, USDA","author":"USDA","year":"2004"},{"key":"B91","unstructured":"Uzea FN. 2010.Co-operation and coordination in the co-operative retailing system: essays on economic and identity strategies. PhD thesis, Univ. Sask., Saskatoon, Canada"},{"key":"B92","unstructured":"van Bekkum O, van Dijk G. 1997.Agricultural Cooperatives in the European Union: Trends and Issues on the Eve of the 21st Century. Assen, Neth.: van Gorcum"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1243275"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1240424"},{"key":"B95","first-page":"150","volume":"29","author":"Zago AM","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/134777"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2681(95)90013-6"}],"container-title":["Annual Review of Resource Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1146\/annurev-resource-091912-151928","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T22:05:32Z","timestamp":1634508332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev-resource-091912-151928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1146\/annurev-resource-091912-151928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-resource-091912-151928","relation":{},"ISSN":["1941-1340","1941-1359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1941-1340","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-1359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]}}}