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Plant adaptations to salinity are of three distinct types: osmotic stress tolerance, Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>or Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>exclusion, and the tolerance of tissue to accumulated Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>or Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>. Our understanding of the role of the HKT gene family in Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>exclusion from leaves is increasing, as is the understanding of the molecular bases for many other transport processes at the cellular level. However, we have a limited molecular understanding of the overall control of Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>accumulation and of osmotic stress tolerance at the whole-plant level. 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