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Behavioral, physiological, and self-report data suggest that the behavior serves both an intrapersonal function (i.e., decreases aversive affective\/cognitive states or increases desired states) and an interpersonal function (i.e., increases social support or removes undesired social demands). There currently are no evidence-based psychological or pharmacological treatments for self-injury. This review presents an integrated theoretical model of the development and maintenance of self-injury that synthesizes prior empirical findings and proposes several testable hypotheses for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,24]],"date-time":"2010-03-24T22:29:00Z","timestamp":1269469740000},"page":"339-363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1400,"title":["Self-Injury"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Nock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Social Learning Theory","author":"Bandura A","year":"1977"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Psychological Modeling: Conflicting Theories","author":"Bandura A","year":"2006"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Anxiety and Its Disorders","author":"Barlow DH","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.104.1.3"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.36.4.405"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00179-7"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080369"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.111.1.198"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083968"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) Nonfatal Injuries: Nonfatal Injury Reports","author":"Cent. 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