{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:05:12Z","timestamp":1791353112792,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Annual Reviews","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annu. Rev. Entomol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u25aa Abstract\u2002 Over the last four decades, a number of arthropod-borne infections have been recognized for the first time. Some have become of considerable public health importance, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and others are spreading geographically and their incidence is increasing. There has been an important recrudescence of several long-known vector-borne diseases. Malaria, leishmaniasis, dengue, and plague have resurged in numerous foci, in some cases where they were thought to be under effective control. In most instances, the appearance of new diseases and syndromes and the resurgence of old can be associated with ecological changes that have favored increased vector densities. Dam construction, irrigation and other development projects, urbanization, and deforestation have all resulted in changes in vector population densities that appear to have enabled the emergence of new diseases and the resurgence of old diseases. Greatly increased human travel has spread infectious agents, introducing them into areas in which they had been hitherto absent. It is essential to understand the factors that caused increased vector densities and hence the transmission of disease to prevent the emergence and resurgence of more diseases, as well as to serve as a basis for effective control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.44.1.51","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T11:43:05Z","timestamp":1027770185000},"page":"51-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":301,"title":["EMERGING AND RESURGING VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Norman G.","family":"Gratz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"4, ch du Ruisseau, 1291 Commugny, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"b1","first-page":"349","volume":"70","author":"Abranches P","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis"},{"key":"b2","first-page":"341","volume":"70","author":"Addy M","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Org."},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0102.950207"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.5.789"},{"key":"b5","first-page":"5","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tech. Info. Bull."},{"key":"b6","first-page":"35","volume":"37","author":"Arraga-Alvarado C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest. Clin."},{"key":"b7","unstructured":"Deleted in proof"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.272.3.212"},{"key":"b9","first-page":"189","volume":"9","author":"Barrera R","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"b10","first-page":"250","volume":"6","author":"Barrer RR","year":"1982","journal-title":"Antenna"},{"key":"b11","first-page":"397","volume":"30","author":"Beaufils JP","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pract. Med. Chir. Anim. Camp."},{"key":"b12","first-page":"120","volume":"26","author":"Bora D","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.131"},{"key":"b14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.4.756"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/255545a0"},{"key":"b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.16","volume":"51","author":"Carmago LMA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"b17","first-page":"618","volume":"33","year":"1984","journal-title":"Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"b18","first-page":"264","volume":"46","year":"1996","journal-title":"Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"b19","first-page":"531","volume":"46","year":"1997","journal-title":"Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90248-0"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812918"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689208501111","volume":"85","author":"Cook GC","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Trop. Med."},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(61)90095-5"},{"key":"b24","first-page":"187","volume":"65","author":"Coosemans MH","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belge M\u00e9d. Trop."},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101990000500003"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.405"},{"key":"b27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90395-6"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6959.893"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709043371010"},{"key":"b30","first-page":"329","volume":"31","author":"Devkota UN","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nepal Med. Assoc."},{"key":"b31","first-page":"116","volume":"11","author":"Dixon RA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mosq. Borne Dis. Bull."},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(94)90097-3"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90010-N"},{"key":"b34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.42.100188.000405"},{"key":"b35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508173330711"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101986000300009"},{"key":"b37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.23.010178.002055"},{"key":"b38","first-page":"18","author":"Freier JE","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet,"},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90535-K"},{"key":"b40","first-page":"131","volume":"29","author":"Giglioli G","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Org."},{"key":"b41","first-page":"9","author":"Gillett JD","year":"1960","journal-title":"East Afr. Virus Res. Inst. Rep.,"},{"key":"b42","first-page":"160","volume":"53","author":"Gonzalez R","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"b43","first-page":"191","volume":"73","author":"Gradoni L","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Org."},{"key":"b44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643387309381608"},{"key":"b45","unstructured":"Gratz NG. 1987.The impact of rice production on vector-borne disease problems in developing countries.InVector-Borne Disease Control in Humans Through Rice Agroecosystem Management, ed. WH Smith, EP Cerrantes, pp. 7\u201312. Manila, Philippines: Int. Rice Res. Inst."},{"key":"b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gratz NG. 1988.Rodents and human disease: a global appreciation.InRodent Pest Management, ed. I Prakesh, pp. 101\u201369. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351076456-7"},{"key":"b47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00644.x"},{"key":"b48","first-page":"243","volume":"35","author":"Gratz NG","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trop. Med."},{"key":"b49","unstructured":"Gratz NG, Knudsen AB. 1996. The rise and spread of dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever and its vectors. A historical review (up to 1995).World Health Org. Doc. CTD\/FIL(DEN)96.7. Geneva:World Health Org. 197 pp."},{"key":"b50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.330"},{"key":"b51","first-page":"292","volume":"45","author":"Halstead SB","year":"1992","journal-title":"World Health Stat. Q."},{"key":"b52","first-page":"137","volume":"35","author":"Halstead SB","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trop. Med."},{"key":"b53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1996.tb124960.x"},{"key":"b54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1987.tb120416.x"},{"key":"b55","first-page":"193","volume":"32","author":"Hii J","year":"1977","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"b56","first-page":"284","volume":"20","author":"Hoch AL","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull. Pan Am. Health Org."},{"key":"b57","first-page":"110","volume":"6","author":"Hoch AL","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"b58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.11.010166.001401"},{"key":"b59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.12.010167.002113"},{"key":"b60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.26.010181.000451"},{"key":"b61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(82)90115-0"},{"key":"b62","first-page":"231","volume":"10","author":"Ibanez-Bernal S","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"b63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0202.960212"},{"key":"b64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.4.1023"},{"key":"b65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.3.361"},{"key":"b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson BK. 1988.O'nyong-nyong virus disease.InThe Arboviruses: Epidemiology, Ecology. ed. TP Monath, 3:217\u201323. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429280276-12"},{"key":"b67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90325-4"},{"key":"b68","first-page":"7","volume":"8","author":"Joshi DD","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Inst. Med."},{"key":"b69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00866-7"},{"key":"b70","first-page":"159","volume":"63","author":"Kilbourne ED","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mt. Sinai J. Med."},{"key":"b71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01719441"},{"key":"b72","first-page":"24","volume":"20","author":"Kouri G","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pan. Am. Health Org. Bull."},{"key":"b73","unstructured":"Deleted in proof"},{"key":"b74","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Lacy LA","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"b75","first-page":"65","volume":"71","author":"Lane RP","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belge M\u00e9d. Trop."},{"key":"b76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.36.010191.003103"},{"key":"b77","first-page":"52","volume":"82","author":"Levins R","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Sci."},{"key":"b78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0101.950104"},{"key":"b79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-31.2.119"},{"key":"b80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91586-5"},{"key":"b81","first-page":"130","volume":"41","author":"Luh PL","year":"1984","journal-title":"FAO Irrig. Drain. Pap."},{"key":"b82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(87)90165-7"},{"key":"b83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.277"},{"key":"b84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7111.805"},{"key":"b85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198704023161406"},{"key":"b86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90556-1"},{"key":"b87","unstructured":"Malaria Weekly. 1995. Malaria kills thousands in India.Malaria Wkly.April 3"},{"key":"b88","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"Mathur KK","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian J. Malariol."},{"key":"b89","first-page":"937","volume":"58","author":"Metselaar D","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Org."},{"key":"b90","first-page":"251","volume":"6","author":"Mitchell CJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"b91","first-page":"460","volume":"3","author":"Mitchell CJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"b92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90644-5"},{"key":"b93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0101.950102"},{"key":"b94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.128.6.829"},{"key":"b95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6963.1183a"},{"key":"b96","first-page":"503","volume":"12","author":"Ogata K","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"b97","first-page":"101","volume":"17","author":"Ozbel Y","year":"1993","journal-title":"Turk. Parazit. Derg."},{"key":"b98","first-page":"10","volume":"9","year":"1988","journal-title":"PAHO. Epidemiol. Bull."},{"key":"b99","first-page":"15","volume":"14","year":"1993","journal-title":"PAHO Epidemiol. Bull."},{"key":"b100","first-page":"354","volume":"78","author":"Pandya AP","year":"1983","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"b101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1994012131"},{"key":"b102","first-page":"59","volume":"51","author":"Parzy D","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.9.2133-2139.1996","volume":"34","author":"Perez M","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"b104","first-page":"51","volume":"30","author":"Pinikahana J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Indian J. Malariol."},{"key":"b105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01720305"},{"key":"b106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90005-6"},{"key":"b107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/22.4.361"},{"key":"b108","first-page":"6","volume":"55","author":"Reed GH","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"b109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.3.323"},{"key":"b110","first-page":"775","volume":"38","author":"Reider N","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kleintierpraxis"},{"key":"b111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502163320710"},{"key":"b112","first-page":"201","volume":"65","author":"Robert V","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belge M\u00e9d. Trop."},{"key":"b113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.3.263"},{"key":"b114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821996000600002"},{"key":"b115","first-page":"362","volume":"41","author":"Rupes V","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cs. Epidem. Mikrob. Immun."},{"key":"b116","first-page":"73","volume":"19","author":"Russel RC","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"b117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0301.970112"},{"key":"b118","first-page":"473","volume":"118","author":"Savage HM","year":"1995","journal-title":"PAHO Bull."},{"key":"b119","first-page":"342","volume":"17","author":"Sawyer DR","year":"1986","journal-title":"Southeast Asia J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"b120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601253340410"},{"key":"b121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90154-5"},{"key":"b122","author":"Seaman J","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"b123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(89)90083-5"},{"key":"b124","first-page":"17","volume":"1","author":"Service MW","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pestic. Outl."},{"key":"b125","unstructured":"Sharma VP, Prasttisuk C, Kondrshin AV. 1991.Magnitude of forest related malaria in the WHO Southeast Asia Region.InForest-Related Malaria, ed. VP Sharma, AU Kondrashin, pp. 18\u201322. Delhi, India: Malaria Res. Center"},{"key":"b126","first-page":"119","volume":"32","author":"Shukla RP","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Malariol."},{"key":"b127","first-page":"123","volume":"9","author":"Slimani D","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sant\u00e9 Publique"},{"key":"b128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh1973.15.37"},{"key":"b129","first-page":"152","author":"Soper FL","year":"1963","journal-title":"Proc. 50th Ann. Meet. New Jersey Mosq. Exterm. Comm.,"},{"key":"b130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.30.010185.002255"},{"key":"b131","first-page":"217","volume":"2","author":"Sprenger D","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"b132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v1i4.1809"},{"key":"b133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92502-3"},{"key":"b134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5340.1004"},{"key":"b135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.287"},{"key":"b136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1992.11812678"},{"key":"b137","first-page":"271","volume":"84","author":"Thakur CP","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"b138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761994000300026"},{"key":"b139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199712253372610"},{"key":"b140","unstructured":"Tonn RJ, Bang YH, Yasuno M. 1969. Water and mosquito populations in Bangkok, Thailand. WHO documentWHO\/VBC\/69.166"},{"key":"b141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)93085-6"},{"key":"b142","first-page":"73","volume":"75","author":"Van den Abbeele K","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belge M\u00e9d. Trop."},{"key":"b143","first-page":"1912","volume":"140","author":"van der Laan JR","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ned. Tijdschr Geneeskd."},{"key":"b144","first-page":"34","volume":"1","author":"Voinov IN","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Parazit."},{"key":"b145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0201.960102"},{"key":"b146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(61)90017-7"},{"key":"b147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0102.950201"},{"key":"b148","first-page":"269","volume":"72","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidem. Rec."},{"key":"b149","first-page":"347","volume":"70","year":"1995","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidem. Rec."},{"key":"b150","first-page":"285","volume":"72","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidem. Rec."},{"key":"b151","first-page":"S784","volume":"11","author":"Wufang F","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Annual Review of Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1146\/annurev.ento.44.1.51","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T18:46:51Z","timestamp":1682275611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev.ento.44.1.51"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1146\/annurev.ento.44.1.51"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.ento.44.1.51","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4170","1545-4487"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4170","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-4487","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]}}}