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It is clear that T cells and macrophages are intimately associated with the pathogenesis of arthritis and that immune mechanisms are involved in other aspects of disease. Inflammation directed at persistence of Borrelial antigens is a plausible explanation for persisting arthritis. Autoimmunity based on molecular mimicry may play a role in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease. Humoral immunity plays a protective role, prompting interest in vaccine development. Significant variation in certain of the outer surface proteins suggests that multiple proteins, peptides, or chimeric vaccines may be needed to provide a sufficiently broad humoral protective response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.63","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T11:43:28Z","timestamp":1027770208000},"page":"63-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["LYME DISEASE:A Review of Aspects of Its Immunology and Immunopathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Leonard H.","family":"Sigal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Research, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780200102"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198908313210906"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-91-5-730"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303313081301"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303313081302"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-34-4-496"},{"key":"b8","first-page":"404","volume":"101","author":"Afzelius A","year":"1910","journal-title":"Arch. 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