{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T12:19:43Z","timestamp":1794313183457,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Annual Reviews","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annu. Rev. Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u25aa Abstract\u2002 The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is a member of the IL-1 family that binds to IL-1 receptors but does not induce any intracellular response. Two structural variants of IL-1Ra have previously been described: a 17-kDa form that is secreted from monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and other cells (sIL-1Ra) and an 18-kDa form that remains in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes and other epithelial cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts (icIL-1Ra). An additional 16-kDa intracellular isoform of IL-1Ra has recently been described in neutrophils, monocytes, and hepatic cells. Both of the major isoforms of IL-1Ra are transcribed from the same gene through the use of alternative first exons. The two promoters regulating transcription of the secreted and intracellular forms have been cloned, and some of the functional cis-acting DNA regions have been characterized. The production of IL-1Ra is stimulated by many substances including adherent IgG, other cytokines, and bacterial or viral components. The tissue distribution of IL-1Ra in mice indicates that sIL-1Ra is found predominantly in peripheral blood cells, lungs, spleen, and liver, while icIL-1Ra is found in large amounts in skin. Studies in transgenic and knockout mice indicate that IL-1Ra is important in host defense against endotoxin-induced injury. IL-1Ra is produced by hepatic cells with the characteristics of an acute phase protein. Endogenous IL-1Ra is produced in numerous experimental animal models of disease as well as in human autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. The use of neutralizing anti-IL-1Ra antibodies has demonstrated that endogenous IL-1Ra is an important natural antiinflammatory protein in arthritis, colitis, and granulomatous pulmonary disease. Treatment of human diseases with recombinant human IL-1Ra showed an absence of benefit in sepsis syndrome. However, patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with IL-1Ra for six months exhibited improvements in clinical parameters and in radiographic evidence of joint damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T07:43:28Z","timestamp":1027755808000},"page":"27-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":855,"title":["INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST: Role in Biology"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"William P.","family":"Arend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Malyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla J.","family":"Guthridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cem","family":"Gabay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2235(90)90018-F"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115453"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.8.1627.1627"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(91)90142-G"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60535-0"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v15.i1.30"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.6.2095.bloodjournal8762095"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/343341a0"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.9.3681"},{"key":"b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.2.701","volume":"153","author":"Butcher C","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830221022"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malyak M, Guthridge JM, Freed JF, Hance KR, Dower S, Arend WP. 1997. Characterization of a novel, low molecular weight isoform of IL-1 receptor antagonist. Submitted","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.4.1997"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.2.623"},{"key":"b14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119488"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.6.2000","volume":"149","author":"Smith MF","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.8.3584","volume":"153","author":"Smith MF","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.5.2058","volume":"157","author":"Ohmori Y","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.2.748","volume":"158","author":"Jenkins JK","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90137-H"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1993.1025"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1994.1076"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00217368"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90696-3"},{"key":"b24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03793.x"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12395398"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00201602"},{"key":"b27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb08779.x"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370917"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.80.1.111"},{"key":"b30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050055"},{"key":"b31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050127"},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(94)90217-8"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.10.4766","volume":"153","author":"Arend WP","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.5.1714"},{"key":"b35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118045"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830251020"},{"key":"b37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.38.22460"},{"key":"b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4719","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.10.4719","volume":"155","author":"Boraschi D","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.19.11477"},{"key":"b40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)00643-1"},{"key":"b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99957-6","volume":"269","author":"Vigers GPA","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"b42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20209.x"},{"key":"b43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386190a0"},{"key":"b44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386194a0"},{"key":"b45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.23.13757"},{"key":"b46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.46.27562"},{"key":"b47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00713-2"},{"key":"b48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270139"},{"key":"b49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.12.7727"},{"key":"b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.12.4228","volume":"146","author":"Zahedi KA","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830211119"},{"key":"b52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V78.3.616.616"},{"key":"b53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.12.5232"},{"key":"b54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-4666(94)90001-9"},{"key":"b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5905","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.12.5905","volume":"159","author":"Gabay C","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.13.269"},{"key":"b57","first-page":"235","volume":"77","author":"Goto F","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6962","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37468-9","volume":"269","author":"Cominelli F","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.5.2784","volume":"155","author":"Zavala F","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.4.1879","volume":"154","author":"Perez RL","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1995.1012"},{"key":"b62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.1.73"},{"key":"b63","first-page":"293","volume":"75","author":"Stosic-Grujicic S","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.1.300","volume":"153","author":"Lynch EA","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(96)00145-7"},{"key":"b66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11008"},{"key":"b67","first-page":"3282","volume":"8","author":"Pruitt JH","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"b68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91854-X"},{"key":"b69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780371206"},{"key":"b70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380806"},{"key":"b71","first-page":"779","volume":"13","author":"De Benedetti F","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheum."},{"key":"b72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb07969.x"},{"key":"b73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01540914"},{"key":"b74","first-page":"4010","volume":"53","author":"Bargetzi MJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"b75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.1.113.113"},{"key":"b76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(92)81146-D"},{"key":"b77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2640813"},{"key":"b78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2218499"},{"key":"b79","first-page":"151","volume":"47","author":"Hofmeister R","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"b80","first-page":"S232","volume":"39","author":"Kawaguchi Y","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"b81","first-page":"S314","volume":"39","author":"Kawaguchi Y","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.9.3949","volume":"157","author":"Tatsuta T","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.9.4467","volume":"155","author":"Watson JM","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b84","unstructured":"Norris DA, Middleton MH, Guthridge CJ, Watson JM, Rinehart CA, Haskill JS, Arend WP. 1997. Intracellular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (icIL-1Ra) expression in keratinocytes and fibroblasts is inversely related to constitutive and cytokine-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Submitted"},{"key":"b85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380202"},{"key":"b86","first-page":"303","volume":"24","author":"Gabay C","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"b87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380511"},{"key":"b88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.7.602"},{"key":"b89","first-page":"1512","volume":"23","author":"Seitz M","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"b90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.1.24"},{"key":"b91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360607"},{"key":"b92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370613"},{"key":"b93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90006-3"},{"key":"b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.3.1054","volume":"149","author":"Firestein GS","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370507"},{"key":"b96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.54.4.318"},{"key":"b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.3.1432","volume":"154","author":"Chomarat P","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.4.2060","volume":"152","author":"Seitz M","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b99","first-page":"109","volume":"22","author":"Pelletier J-P","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"b100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(96)80009-4"},{"key":"b101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02252320"},{"key":"b102","first-page":"132","volume":"178","author":"Rogy MA","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"b103","first-page":"3282","volume":"87","author":"Pruitt JH","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"b104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199505000-00012"},{"key":"b105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.1.191"},{"key":"b106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1995.1093"},{"key":"b107","first-page":"R993","volume":"259","author":"Spinas GA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"b108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92725-H"},{"key":"b109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(05)80352-6"},{"key":"b110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.3.665"},{"key":"b111","first-page":"61","volume":"141","author":"Ulich TR","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"b112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-8-199604150-00009"},{"key":"b113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.108"},{"key":"b114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.9.3501","volume":"156","author":"Goletti D","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115966"},{"key":"b116","first-page":"269","volume":"140","author":"Chensue SW","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"b117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.7.3654","volume":"151","author":"Chensue SW","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.7.2503","volume":"156","author":"Ruth JH","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.58.1.90"},{"key":"b120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.1.227"},{"key":"b121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-1-562"},{"key":"b122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1597"},{"key":"b123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90005-1"},{"key":"b124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370614"},{"key":"b125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.1.155"},{"key":"b126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91182-4"},{"key":"b127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.26.12721"},{"key":"b128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.5.2434","volume":"154","author":"Casini-Raggi V","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02088744"},{"key":"b130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117345"},{"key":"b131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.6.7767546"},{"key":"b132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.4.8887608"},{"key":"b133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-808.x"},{"key":"b134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1996.tb08303.x"},{"key":"b135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-3-199608010-00005"},{"key":"b136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118520"},{"key":"b137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600840511"},{"key":"b138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb13984.x"},{"key":"b139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.117"},{"key":"b140","first-page":"126","volume":"145","author":"Tam FWK","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"b141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.472"},{"key":"b142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115777"},{"key":"b143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1520011"},{"key":"b144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)80003-2"},{"key":"b145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70058-3"},{"key":"b146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70121-0"},{"key":"b147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117679"},{"key":"b148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1995.15.721"},{"key":"b149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92849-B"},{"key":"b150","first-page":"247","volume":"119","author":"Shin SS","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"b151","first-page":"794","volume":"143","author":"Smith DR","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"b152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.9.3142.3142"},{"key":"b153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114622"},{"key":"b154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.8.3881","volume":"158","author":"Ruggiero P","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116614"},{"key":"b156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1995.6.3-307"},{"key":"b157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10764"},{"key":"b158","first-page":"64","volume":"1","author":"Hung GL","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"b159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.402"},{"key":"b160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.9.3558","volume":"156","author":"Otani K","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400517"},{"key":"b162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3492","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.7.3492","volume":"158","author":"Muller-Ladner U","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118303"},{"key":"b164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390914"},{"key":"b165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400604"},{"key":"b166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0393-219"},{"key":"b167","first-page":"632","volume":"2","author":"Boggs SS","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"b168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199404000-00008"},{"key":"b169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.271.23.1836"},{"key":"b170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390704"},{"key":"b171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390110"},{"key":"b172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.4.1342.1342"}],"container-title":["Annual Review of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.27","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T14:46:48Z","timestamp":1682261208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.27"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.27","relation":{},"ISSN":["0732-0582","1545-3278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0732-0582","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-3278","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]}}}