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The recent studies on Toll-like receptors and the impact on the innate response to M. tuberculosis are discussed. We also focus on the induction, specificity, and effector functions of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, and the roles of cytokines and chemokines in the induction and effector functions of the immune response. Presentation of mycobacterial antigens by MHC class I, class II, and CD1 as well as the implications of these molecules sampling various compartments of the cell for presentation to T cells are discussed. Increased attention to this disease and the integration of animal models and human studies have afforded us a greater understanding of tuberculosis and the steps necessary to combat this infection. The pace of this research must be maintained if we are to realize an effective vaccine in the next decades.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.93","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T07:43:28Z","timestamp":1027755808000},"page":"93-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1648,"title":["Immunology of Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"JoAnne L.","family":"Flynn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261;"},{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261;"},{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"b1","author":"Chan J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Einstein Q."},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.75.3.247"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.96.2.137"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.129.5.973"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818357.ch24"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/293069a0"},{"key":"b7","first-page":"333","volume":"59","author":"Rook GAW","year":"1986","journal-title":"Immunol."},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.12.4408","volume":"138","author":"Flesch I","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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