{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T13:09:06Z","timestamp":1786799346924,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Annual Reviews","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annu. Rev. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> \u25aa Abstract\u2002 Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are disorders characterized by abnormal patterns of weight regulation and eating behavior and by disturbances in attitudes and perceptions toward weight and body shape. Etiologic research has indicated substantial genetic influence on these disorders, suggesting significant biological contributions to their development. Obsessional, perfectionistic, and anxious personality styles may be premorbid traits that contribute to this pathogenesis. Studies of neuroendocrine, neuropeptide, and neurotransmitter functioning in patients with AN and BN indicate that disturbances of these systems may contribute to the maintenance as well as the etiology of these sometimes fatal disorders. The efficacy of psychological treatments and pharmacotherapy has been more clearly established for BN than for AN. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T11:40:39Z","timestamp":1027770039000},"page":"299-313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"W. H.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, ;"},{"name":", Postdoctoral Clinical Research Fellow, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213,"},{"name":", Professor of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles California, 90024, ;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. L.","family":"Klump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, ;"},{"name":", Postdoctoral Clinical Research Fellow, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213,"},{"name":", Professor of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles California, 90024, ;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. K. W.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, ;"},{"name":", Postdoctoral Clinical Research Fellow, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213,"},{"name":", Professor of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles California, 90024, ;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Strober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, ;"},{"name":", Postdoctoral Clinical Research Fellow, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213,"},{"name":", Professor of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles California, 90024, ;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"b1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 1994. InDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Press. 4th ed."},{"key":"b2","unstructured":"Schweiger U, Fichter M. 1997. Eating disorders: clinical presentation, classification and etiologic models. See Ref. 2a, pp. 199\u2013216"},{"key":"b3","unstructured":"Jimerson DC, Kaye WH, eds. 1997.Balliere\u2019s Clinical Psychiatry.London: Balliere Tindall Press"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90768-C"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700026775"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.11.1630"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(80)90027-6"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.103.1.137"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strober M, Freeman R, Morrell W. 1997. The long term course of severe anorexia nervosa in adolescents: survival analysis of recovery, relapse and outcome predictors over 10\u201315 years in a prospective study.Int. J. Eating Disord.22:339\u201360","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199712)22:4<339::AID-EAT1>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"b10","first-page":"1073","volume":"152","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.3.313"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199003000-00004"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Dwyer AM, Lucey JV, Russell GFM. 1996. Serotonin activity in anorexia nervosa after long term weight restoration: response toD-fenfluramine challenge.Psychol. Med.26:353\u201359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700034747"},{"key":"b14","unstructured":"Deleted in proof"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.1.80"},{"key":"b16","unstructured":"Fallon BA, Walsh BT, Sadik C, et al. 1991. Outcome and clinical course in inpatient bulimic women: a 2- to 9-year follow-up study.J. Clin. Psychiatry52:272\u201378"},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson-Sabine E, Reiss D, Dayson D. 1992. Bulimia nervosa: a 5-year followup study.Psychol. Med.22:951\u201359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700038526"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.10.927"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03401.x"},{"key":"b20","unstructured":"Arnow B. 1997. Psychotherapy of anorexia and bulimia. See Ref. 2a, pp. 235\u201357"},{"key":"b21","unstructured":"Fairburn CG, Marcus MD, Wilson GT. 1993. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for binge eating and bulimia nervosa: a comprehensive treatment manual. InBinge Eating: Nature, Assessment and Treatment,ed. CG Fairburn, GO Wilson, pp. 361\u2013404. New York: Guildford"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199209)12:2<215::AID-EAT2260120211>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70378-6"},{"key":"b24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199311)14:3<229::AID-EAT2260140302>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"b25","first-page":"34","volume":"52","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agras WS, Rossiter EM, Arnow B, et al. 1992. Pharmacologic and cognitivebehavioral treatment for bulimia nervosa: a controlled comparison.Am. J. Psychiatry149:82\u201387","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.1.82"},{"key":"b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fichter MM, Leibl K, Rief W, et al. 1991. Fluoxetine versus placebo: a double-blind study with bulimic inpatients undergoing intensive psychotherapy.Pharmacopsychiatry24:1\u20137","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1014424"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldbloom DS, Olmsted M, Davis R, et al. 1997. A randomized controlled trial of fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa: short-term outcome.Behav. Res. Ther.35:803\u201311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00041-7"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90082-5"},{"key":"b30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810140049008"},{"key":"b31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.4.523"},{"key":"b32","unstructured":"Bruch H. 1973.Eating Disorders. Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa and the Person Within.New York: Basic Books"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800240021004"},{"key":"b34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.1.94"},{"key":"b35","unstructured":"Strober M, Freeman R, DeAntonio M, et al. 1997. Does adjunctive fluoxetine influence the post-hospital course of restricting-type anorexia nervosa? A 24month prospective, longitudinal follow up and comparison with historical controls.Psychopharmacol. Bull.33:425\u201331"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00070-Z"},{"key":"b37","unstructured":"Deleted in proof"},{"key":"b38","first-page":"464","volume":"52","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attia E, Haiman C, Walsh BT, Flater SR. 1998. Does fluoxetine augment the inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa?Am. J. Psychiatry155:548\u201351","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.4.548"},{"key":"b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferguson CP, La Via MC, Crossan PJ, Kaye WH. 1999. Are SSRI\u2019s effective in underweight anorexia nervosa?Int. J. Eating Disord.25:11\u201317","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199901)25:1<11::AID-EAT2>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"b41","unstructured":"Tollefson GD. 1995. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. InTextbook of Psychopharmacology,ed. AF Schatzberg, CB Nemeroff, pp. 161\u201382. Washington DC: Am. Psychiatr. Press"},{"key":"b42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790150040007"},{"key":"b43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(86)90058-2"},{"key":"b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh AES, Oldman AD, Franklin M, et al. 1995. Dieting decreases plasma tryptophan and increases the prolactin response toD-fenfluramine in women but not men.J. Affect. Disord.33:89\u201397","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(94)00078-N"},{"key":"b45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199604260-00011"},{"key":"b46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810170011002"},{"key":"b47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810300068010"},{"key":"b48","unstructured":"Lilenfeld LR, Strober M, Kaye WH. 1997. Genetics and family studies of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. See Ref. 2a, pp. 177\u201397"},{"key":"b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strober M, Freeman R, Lampert C, et al. 1999. A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: evidence of shared liability and transmission of partial syndromes.Am. J. Psychiatry.In press","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.3.393"},{"key":"b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lilenfeld LR, Kaye WH, Greeno CG, et al. 1998. A controlled family study of restricting anorexia and bulimia nervosa: psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives and effects of proband comorbidity.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry55:603\u201310","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.7.603"},{"key":"b51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.12.1627"},{"key":"b52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.64"},{"key":"b53","unstructured":"Deleted in proof"},{"key":"b54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00280-7"},{"key":"b55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.1.74"},{"key":"b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Lilenfeld LR, Plotnikov K, et al. 1996. Bulimia nervosa and substance dependence: association and family transmission.Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res.20:878\u201381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb05266.x"},{"key":"b57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950170048007"},{"key":"b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morley JE, Blundell JE. 1988. The neurobiological basis of eating disorders: some formulations.Biol. Psychiatry23:53\u201378","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90106-0"},{"key":"b59","unstructured":"Leibowitz SF. 1986. Brain monoamines and peptides: role in the control of eating behavior.Fed. Proc.45:1396\u2013403"},{"key":"b60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197810000-00005"},{"key":"b61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198605223142102"},{"key":"b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Gwirtsman HE, George DT, et al. 1987. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of immunoreactive corticotropinreleasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: relation to state of nutrition, adrenal function, and intensity of depression.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.64:203\u20138","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-2-203"},{"key":"b63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810180048008"},{"key":"b64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(88)90013-7"},{"key":"b65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.11.3861"},{"key":"b66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.1260938.x"},{"key":"b67","first-page":"1624","volume":"346","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"b68","volume-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.","year":"1997"}],"container-title":["Annual Review of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:07:12Z","timestamp":1634170032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.299","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4219","1545-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4219","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]}}}