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The molecular mechanisms utilized to effect these lifestyle changes have begun to be elucidated and feature an alternative sigma factor cascade in which RpoN (\u03c3<jats:sup>54<\/jats:sup>) and RpoS (\u03c3<jats:sup>S<\/jats:sup>) globally control the genes required for the different phases of the enzootic cycle. The RpoN-RpoS pathway is surprisingly complex, entailing Rrp2, an unusual enhancer-binding protein and two-component regulatory system response regulator activated by acetyl phosphate; BosR, an unorthodox DNA-binding protein; DsrA<jats:sub>Bb<\/jats:sub>, a small noncoding RNA; and Hfq and CsrA, two RNA-binding proteins. 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