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When ingested by phagocytes, stationary-phase L. pneumophila bacteria establish phagosomes which are completely isolated from the endosomal pathway but are surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum. Within this protected vacuole, L. pneumophila converts to a replicative form that is acid tolerant but no longer expresses several virulence traits, including factors that block membrane fusion. As a consequence, the pathogen vacuoles merge with lysosomes, which provide a nutrient-rich replication niche. Once the amino acid supply is depleted, progeny accumulate the second messenger guanosine 3\u2032,5\u2032-bispyrophosphate (ppGpp), which coordinates entry into the stationary phase with expression of traits that promote transmission to a new phagocyte. A number of factors contribute to L. pneumophila virulence, including type II and type IV secretion systems, a pore-forming toxin, type IV pili, flagella, and numerous other factors currently under investigation. Because of its resemblance to certain aspects of Mycobacterium, Toxoplasma, Leishmania, and Coxiella pathogenesis, a detailed description of the mechanism used by L. pneumophila to manipulate and exploit phagocyte membrane traffic may suggest novel strategies for treating a variety of infectious diseases. Knowledge of L. pneumophila ecology may also inform efforts to combat the emergence of new opportunistic macrophage pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T11:40:39Z","timestamp":1027770039000},"page":"567-613","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":321,"title":["<i>Legionella Pneumophila<\/i>Pathogenesis: A Fateful Journey from Amoebae to Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"M. 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