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Rapid diagnoses and medical treatments limited casualties and increased survival rates, but tragically some individuals died of inhalational anthrax. Even as physicians tested new treatment regimes and scientists employed new ways of detecting anthrax and decontaminating the mail, new predictions were made for potentially even more devastating attacks with anthrax, smallpox, plague, tularemia, botulism, or hemorrhagic fever viruses. Fear gripped the nation. Law enforcement sought to find the villain(s) who sent the anthrax letters and to deter future bioterrorist attacks. The biomedical community began to seek new ways of protecting against such future threats of bioterrorism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,4]],"date-time":"2002-09-04T16:35:04Z","timestamp":1031157304000},"page":"167-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Bioterrorism: From Threat to Reality"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Ronald M.","family":"Atlas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2291"},{"key":"b2","first-page":"1","volume":"50","author":"Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"b3","volume-title":"Biohazard.","author":"Alibek K","year":"1999"},{"key":"b4","first-page":"11","volume":"2","author":"Anonymous.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Sci. 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