{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:19:53Z","timestamp":1790011193757,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":249,"publisher":"Annual Reviews","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annu. Rev. Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u25aa Abstract\u2002 About 40% of patients undergoing maintenance dialysis suffer from varying degrees of protein-energy malnutrition. This is a problem of substantial importance because many measures of nutritional status correlate with the risk of morbidity and mortality. There are many causes of protein-energy malnutrition in maintenance dialysis patients. Evidence indicates that nutritional decline begins even when the reduction in glomerular filtration rate is modest, and it is likely that the observed decrease in dietary protein and energy intake plays an important role. The nutrient intake of patients receiving maintenance dialysis also is often inadequate, and several lines of evidence suggest that toxins that accumulate with renal failure suppress appetite and contribute to nutritional decline once patients are on maintenance dialysis. Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that both increased serum levels of leptin and inflammation may reduce nutrient intake and contribute to the development of protein-energy malnutrition. It is likely that associated illnesses, which are highly prevalent, contribute to malnutrition in maintenance dialysis patients. Recent data from the United States Renal Data System registry suggest that in the United States, the mortality rate of dialysis patients is improving. However, it remains high. We offer suggestions for predialysis and dialysis care of these patients that can result in improvement in their nutritional status. Whether this improvement will result in a decrease in patient morbidity and mortality is unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T11:40:39Z","timestamp":1027770039000},"page":"343-379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["N<scp>UTRITIONAL<\/scp>M<scp>ANAGEMENT OF<\/scp>M<scp>AINTENANCE<\/scp>D<scp>IALYSIS<\/scp>P<scp>ATIENTS<\/scp>: Why Aren't We Doing Better?"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Rajnish","family":"Mehrotra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Research and Education Institute, Torrance, California 90509,"},{"name":"UCLA School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel D","family":"Kopple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Research and Education Institute, Torrance, California 90509,"},{"name":"UCLA School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"b1","first-page":"199","volume":"24","author":"Acchiardo SR","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.6.1476"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V7112453","volume":"7","author":"Anderstam BA","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.7.1679"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.7.1731"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80817-1"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-6386(95)90176-0"},{"key":"b8","unstructured":"Baeyer HV. 1981. InUnexpected Alterations of Nutritional Habits in Patients Undergoing CAPD, ed. KM Gahl GM, Nolph KD. Amsterdam: Excerpta Med."},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S490","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089301302S122","volume":"13","author":"Balaskas EV","year":"1993","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"b10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607195019004266"},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb06659.x"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90032-9"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.4.813"},{"key":"b14","first-page":"358","volume":"2","author":"Bergstrom J","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.347"},{"key":"b16","first-page":"287A","volume":"10","author":"Bergstrom J","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.07.040189.003205"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000185186"},{"key":"b19","first-page":"287","volume":"9","author":"Bird NJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V381501","volume":"3","author":"Blake PG","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.84"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.7.1567"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1982.109"},{"key":"b24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v32.pm9669431"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1978.154"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089701702S07","volume":"17","author":"Breborowicz A","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"b27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624778"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V72198","volume":"7","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90492-3"},{"key":"b30","first-page":"S178","volume":"32","author":"Cano N","year":"1987","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000186770"},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05637.x"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080002000105","volume":"20","author":"Chung SH","year":"2000","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"b34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(13)80002-9"},{"key":"b35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-6386(95)90494-8"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000130554"},{"key":"b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9644","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)67562-3","volume":"261","author":"Coetzee GA","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"b38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80984-X"},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90258-9"},{"key":"b40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/6.6.435"},{"key":"b41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00020.x"},{"key":"b42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-6386(95)90657-6"},{"key":"b43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000182627"},{"key":"b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.2.882","volume":"154","author":"Descamps-Latscha B","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"b45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198411293112205"},{"key":"b46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000170291"},{"key":"b47","first-page":"88","volume":"34","author":"Docci D","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"b48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00389.x"},{"key":"b49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114059"},{"key":"b50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.131"},{"key":"b51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01358.x"},{"key":"b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V75737","volume":"7","author":"Fung L","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)57418-X","volume":"263","author":"Fung WP","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"b54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.5.385"},{"key":"b55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-2276(96)90069-2"},{"key":"b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/039139888000300105","volume":"3","author":"Giordano C","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Org."},{"key":"b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V391613","volume":"3","author":"Goldwasser P","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b58","first-page":"1366","volume":"8","author":"Goodship TH","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"b59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1981.53"},{"key":"b60","first-page":"952","volume":"16","author":"Grodstein GP","year":"1979","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b61","first-page":"S41","volume":"52","author":"Guarnieri G","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b62","first-page":"187","volume":"24","author":"Guarnieri G","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.230"},{"key":"b64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624777"},{"key":"b65","first-page":"288","volume":"12","author":"Han DS","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adv. Perit. Dial."},{"key":"b66","first-page":"107","volume":"24","author":"Harter HR","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000168663"},{"key":"b68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90467-9"},{"key":"b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V881304","volume":"8","author":"Harty J","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b70","first-page":"229","volume":"11","author":"Harty J","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Perit. Dial."},{"key":"b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089601600213","volume":"16","author":"Haubitz M","year":"1996","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"b72","volume-title":"Disease Clinical Performance Measures Project.","year":"1999"},{"key":"b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/089686088300300309","volume":"3","author":"Heide B","year":"1983","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Bull."},{"key":"b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089401403S23","volume":"14","author":"Heimburger O","year":"1994","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V891423","volume":"8","author":"Heimburger O","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000188831"},{"key":"b77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-2276(98)90032-2"},{"key":"b78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.16"},{"key":"b79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.120"},{"key":"b80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000186276"},{"key":"b81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0930119"},{"key":"b82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.10.1577"},{"key":"b83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70225-1"},{"key":"b84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90121-9"},{"key":"b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V651386","volume":"6","author":"Ikizler TA","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00410.x"},{"key":"b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V7122646","volume":"7","author":"Ikizler TA","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.4.919"},{"key":"b89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.220"},{"key":"b90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.8.1956"},{"key":"b91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90465-5"},{"key":"b92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.1.39"},{"key":"b93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(92)90142-W"},{"key":"b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V961080","volume":"9","author":"Johansen KL","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.16.12.1573"},{"key":"b96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9428458"},{"key":"b97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-199602000-00012"},{"key":"b98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649872"},{"key":"b99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00172.x"},{"key":"b100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.321"},{"key":"b101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90117-7"},{"key":"b102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)81076-6"},{"key":"b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S176","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089901902S28","volume":"19","author":"Kim DJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"b104","first-page":"246","volume":"10","author":"Kim H","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119824"},{"key":"b106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.9.2165"},{"key":"b107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018878901727"},{"key":"b108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/12.12.2603"},{"key":"b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V8121889","volume":"8","author":"Koch M","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.45.5.699"},{"key":"b111","first-page":"S184","volume":"36","author":"Kopple JD","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1986.59"},{"key":"b113","first-page":"302","volume":"15","author":"Kopple JD","year":"1969","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Int. Org."},{"key":"b114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00615.x"},{"key":"b115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/11.supp2.87"},{"key":"b116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90026-8"},{"key":"b117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.317"},{"key":"b118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9631845"},{"key":"b119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00385.x"},{"key":"b120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.16195"},{"key":"b121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.72"},{"key":"b122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1985.162"},{"key":"b123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00135.x"},{"key":"b124","first-page":"S32","volume":"42","author":"Lindsay R","year":"1992","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(89)80021-6"},{"key":"b126","first-page":"63","volume":"6","author":"Lonnemann G","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lymphokine Res."},{"key":"b127","first-page":"1885","volume":"10","author":"Lorenzo V","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"b128","first-page":"679","volume":"87","author":"Loughrey CM","year":"1997","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"key":"b129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70364-5"},{"key":"b130","first-page":"S22","volume":"42","author":"Lowrie EG","year":"1992","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b131","first-page":"784","volume":"35","author":"Lysaght MJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"ASAIO Trans."},{"key":"b132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(89)90218-9"},{"key":"b133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002480-199605000-00008"},{"key":"b134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.8278"},{"key":"b135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.19087"},{"key":"b136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.308"},{"key":"b137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050543"},{"key":"b138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.182"},{"key":"b139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000017159"},{"key":"b140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/12.11.2324"},{"key":"b141","first-page":"94","volume":"10","author":"Marcus RG","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Perit. Dial."},{"key":"b142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9506686"},{"key":"b143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000013506"},{"key":"b144","first-page":"S56","volume":"56","author":"McCusker FX","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b145","first-page":"371","volume":"48","author":"McIntyre C","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"b146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-4449(99)70048-8"},{"key":"b147","first-page":"287A","volume":"11","author":"Mehrotra R","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b148","first-page":"S96","volume":"9","author":"Mehrotra R","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089701700514","volume":"17","author":"Mehrotra R","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"b150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00181.x"},{"key":"b151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.82.3.847"},{"key":"b152","first-page":"E903","volume":"273","author":"Meyer C","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"b153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00302.x"},{"key":"b154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00014.x"},{"key":"b155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970501)79:9<1828::AID-CNCR28>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"b156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1986.250"},{"key":"b157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199703)181:3<257::AID-PATH756>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"b158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113000"},{"key":"b159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/10.4.514"},{"key":"b160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/8.8.735"},{"key":"b161","first-page":"1435","volume":"9","author":"Nakanishi I","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"b162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70294-0"},{"key":"b163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.16.7.831"},{"key":"b164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80782-7"},{"key":"b165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09286-1"},{"key":"b166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9531182"},{"key":"b167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089801800407","volume":"18","author":"Noh H","year":"1998","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"b168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089301300303","volume":"13","author":"Nolph KD","year":"1993","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"b169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1081793","volume":"10","author":"Obrador GT","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70313-6"},{"key":"b171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-2276(12)80061-6"},{"key":"b172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/73.11.1035"},{"key":"b173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291404"},{"key":"b174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00012.x"},{"key":"b175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.2.498S"},{"key":"b176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000045489"},{"key":"b177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.1997.12.2.115"},{"key":"b178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-2276(99)90055-9"},{"key":"b179","first-page":"42","volume":"23","author":"Parker TF","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.78"},{"key":"b181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624776"},{"key":"b182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.117"},{"key":"b183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.8987"},{"key":"b184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V95859","volume":"9","author":"Pierratos A","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80783-9"},{"key":"b186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V6182","volume":"6","author":"Pollock CA","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V85777","volume":"8","author":"Pollock CA","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V251007","volume":"2","author":"Powell AC","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00812.x"},{"key":"b190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00171.x"},{"key":"b191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000186514"},{"key":"b192","first-page":"217A","volume":"11","author":"Rocco M","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V451184","volume":"4","author":"Rocco MV","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9428453"},{"key":"b195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901143400207"},{"key":"b196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117244"},{"key":"b197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899009147277"},{"key":"b198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002480-199809000-00075"},{"key":"b199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.9.1696"},{"key":"b200","first-page":"12","volume":"5","author":"Schilling H","year":"1985","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Bull."},{"key":"b201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.12"},{"key":"b202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.4.596"},{"key":"b203","first-page":"80","volume":"23","author":"Schonfeld PY","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"b204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00010"},{"key":"b205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.269"},{"key":"b206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1985.205"},{"key":"b207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1989.42"},{"key":"b208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198712000-00008"},{"key":"b209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80985-1"},{"key":"b210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(94)90138-4"},{"key":"b211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00422.x"},{"key":"b212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00880.x"},{"key":"b213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70014-4"},{"key":"b214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1171303","volume":"11","author":"Stenvinkel P","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-2276(12)80092-6"},{"key":"b216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089401400205","volume":"14","author":"Strujik DG","year":"1994","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"b217","volume-title":"Recommended Dietary Allowances.","year":"1989"},{"key":"b218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000057381"},{"key":"b219","first-page":"291","volume":"16","author":"Tan SH","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Perit. Dial."},{"key":"b220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70005-9"},{"key":"b221","first-page":"181","volume":"6","author":"Teehan BP","year":"1990","journal-title":"Adv. Perit. Dial."},{"key":"b222","unstructured":"Deleted in proof"},{"key":"b223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.33"},{"key":"b224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90523-5"},{"key":"b225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039139888901201205"},{"key":"b226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118398"},{"key":"b227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V71166","volume":"7","author":"Uehlinger DE","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"b228","first-page":"32","volume":"20","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"b229","unstructured":"US Ren. Data Syst. 1997. USRDS 1997 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD: US Dep. Public Health Hum. Serv., Public Health Serv., Natl. Inst. Health"},{"key":"b230","unstructured":"US Ren. Data Syst. 1998. USRDS 1998 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD: US Dep. Public Health Hum. Serv., Public Health Serv., Natl. Inst. Health"},{"key":"b231","unstructured":"US Ren. Data Syst. 1999. USRDS 1999 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD: US Dep. Public Health Hum. Serv., Public Health Serv., Natl. Inst. Health"},{"key":"b232","unstructured":"US Ren. Data Syst. 2000. USRDS 2000 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD: US Dep. Public Health Hum. Serv., Public Health Serv., Natl. Inst. Health"},{"key":"b233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(98)70077-0"},{"key":"b234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113093"},{"key":"b235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80136-3"},{"key":"b236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0210499"},{"key":"b237","first-page":"75","volume":"10","author":"Wanner C","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"b238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-2276(99)90056-0"},{"key":"b239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109053251005"},{"key":"b240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1989.7.10.1573"},{"key":"b241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70305-2"},{"key":"b242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/39.4.547"},{"key":"b243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027623"},{"key":"b244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.144.3.495"},{"key":"b245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90105-0"},{"key":"b246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70200-9"},{"key":"b247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80642-1"},{"key":"b248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/12.11.2318"},{"key":"b249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00273.x"}],"container-title":["Annual Review of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.343","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T18:32:52Z","timestamp":1682274772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"references-count":249,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.343","relation":{},"ISSN":["0199-9885","1545-4312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0199-9885","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-4312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]}}}