{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:36:13Z","timestamp":1791390973003,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Annual Reviews","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annu. Rev. Physiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \u25aa Abstract\u2002 This review focuses on the structure and function of the branchial chloride cell in freshwater fishes. The mitochondria-rich chloride cell is believed to be the principal site of trans-epithelial Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Cl\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    influxes. Though currently debated, there is accruing evidence that the pavement cell is the site of Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    uptake via channels linked electrically to an apical membrane vacuolar H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    -ATPase (proton pump).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Chloride cells perform an integral role in acid-base regulation. During conditions of alkalosis, the surface area of exposed chloride cells is increased, which serves to enhance base equivalent excretion as the rate of Cl\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/HCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    exchange is increased. Conversely, during acidosis, the chloride cell surface area is diminished by an expansion of the adjacent pavement cells. This response reduces the number of functional Cl\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/HCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    exchangers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Under certain conditions that challenge ion regulation, chloride cells proliferate on the lamellae. This response, while optimizing the Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Cl\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    transport capacity of the gill, causes a thickening of the blood-to-water diffusion barrier and thus impedes respiratory gas transfer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.59.1.325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T07:46:15Z","timestamp":1027755975000},"page":"325-347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":461,"title":["THE CHLORIDE CELL:Structure and Function in the Gills of Freshwater Fishes"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Steve F.","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.142.1.155","volume":"142","author":"Avella M","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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