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Protozoan parasites, such as trypanosomes, face multiple and often hostile environments, and to survive, they undergo multiple changes, including changes in morphology, gene expression, and metabolism. But why does only a subset of proliferative cells differentiate to the next life cycle stage? Why do only some bloodstream parasites undergo antigenic switching while others stably express one variant surface glycoprotein? And why do some parasites invade an organ while others remain in the bloodstream? Building on extensive research performed in bacteria, here we suggest that biological noise can contribute to the fitness of eukaryotic pathogens and discuss the importance of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in trypanosome infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-040821-012953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T20:56:15Z","timestamp":1625604975000},"page":"107-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cell-to-Cell Heterogeneity in Trypanosomes"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Luzak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich 82152, Germany;"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Division of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich 82152, Germany"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"L\u00f3pez-Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"T. 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