{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T03:08:13Z","timestamp":1773457693446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Annual Reviews","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726358400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Geographic atrophy (GA), the non-neovascular advanced form of age-related macular degeneration, remains an important disease area in which treatment needs are currently unmet. Recent clinical trials using drugs that target the complement pathway have shown modest yet consistent reductions in GA expansion but without commensurate changes in measures of visual function. In this review, we summarize information from the wide range of studies describing the characteristics of GA morphology and enumerate the factors influencing the growth rates of lesions and the directionality of expansion. In addition, we review the relationship between GA growth and the various measures of vision that reflect changes in function. We consider the reasons for the discordance between the anatomical and functional endpoints in current use and discuss methods to align these key outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-101922-045110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T12:40:36Z","timestamp":1726663236000},"page":"455-476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Informing Endpoints for Clinical Trials of Geographic Atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1146","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Eleonora M.","family":"Lad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; email: nora.lad@duke.edu"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Fleckenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; email: Monika.Fleckenstein@utah.edu"}]},{"given":"Frank G.","family":"Holz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; email: Frank.Holz@ukbonn.de"}]},{"given":"Liangbo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; email: linus.l.shen@gmail.com"}]},{"given":"Lucian V. Del","family":"Priore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; email: lucian.delpriore@yale.edu"}]},{"given":"Rufino","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"8Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"7Department of Ophthalmology, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"6Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Staurenghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; email: giovanni.staurenghi@unimi.it"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"11Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; email:\u00a0nadiakwaheed@gmail.com"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Chakravarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"12Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; email: u.chakravarthy@qub.ac.uk"}]}],"member":"22","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.03.036","article-title":"Vitreoretinal interface changes in geographic atrophy","volume":"121","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182993e09","article-title":"Analysis of the thickness and vascular layers of the choroid in eyes with geographic atrophy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.11.026","article-title":"Reticular pseudodrusen status, ARMS2\/HTRA1 genotype, and geographic atrophy enlargement: Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 report 32","volume":"130","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.03.022","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and geographic atrophy enlargement rate: Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 report 29","volume":"6","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. 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