{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T18:02:20Z","timestamp":1761242540138,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"IBM","issue":"3.4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IBM J. Res. &amp; Dev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1147\/jrd.2012.2187249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]],"date-time":"2016-11-10T13:55:34Z","timestamp":1478786134000},"page":"8:1-8:14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Textual evidence gathering and analysis"],"prefix":"10.1147","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"J. W.","family":"Murdock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Shima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Language Technologies Institute, Pittsburgh , PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. K.","family":"Boguraev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3082","reference":[{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15:1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2188761","article-title":"Making Watson fast","volume":"56","author":"epstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"IBM J Res Dev"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0101_3"},{"journal-title":"Biological Sequence Analysis Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids","year":"1999","author":"durbin","key":"ref32"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"441","article-title":"Question answering system for non-factoid type questions and automatic evaluation based on BE method","author":"fukumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 6th NTCIR Workshop"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"25","article-title":"ROUGE: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries","author":"lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc ACL Text Summarization Workshop"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Knowledge-based question answering","author":"hermjakob","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc 6th World Multi-Conf SCI"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"651","article-title":"Analysis of strategic knowledge in back of the envelope reasoning","volume":"2","author":"paritosh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Nat Conf Artificial Intell"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219745"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(81)90087-5"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(70)90057-4"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23291-6_2"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1:1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2184356","article-title":"Introduction to &#x2018;This Is Watson,&#x2019;","volume":"56","author":"ferrucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"IBM J Res Dev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7:1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2187036","article-title":"Typing candidate answers using type coercion","volume":"56","author":"murdock","year":"2012","journal-title":"IBM J Res Dev"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"425","article-title":"Is it the right answer? Exploiting web redundancy for answer validation","author":"magnini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc 40th Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Comparing statistical and content-based techniques for answer validation on the web","author":"magnini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc VIII Con-vegno AI*IA"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.384024"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"393","article-title":"Data-intensive question answering","author":"brill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc 10th TREC"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"399","article-title":"The use of predictive annotation for question answering in TREC8","author":"prager","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc 8th TREC"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073483.1073504"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3:1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2185409","article-title":"Deep parsing in Watson","volume":"56","author":"mccord","year":"2012","journal-title":"IBM J Res Dev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1458082.1458118"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14:1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2188760","article-title":"A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA","volume":"56","author":"gondek","year":"2012","journal-title":"IBM J Res Dev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073445.1073467"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1626394.1626406"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9:1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2187239","article-title":"Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA","volume":"56","author":"wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IBM J Res Dev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-007-9048-2"},{"journal-title":"English Verb Classes and Alternations A Preliminary Investigation","year":"1993","author":"levin","key":"ref7"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6:1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2186682","article-title":"Finding needles in the haystack: Search and candidate generation","volume":"56","author":"chu-carroll","year":"2012","journal-title":"IBM J Res Dev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1218955.1219032"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2:1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2012.2184637","article-title":"Question analysis: How Watson reads a clue","volume":"56","author":"lally","year":"2012","journal-title":"IBM J Res Dev"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"24","article-title":"Two heads are better than one","author":"chu-carroll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc HLT-NAACL"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2099-5_31"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using syntactic and semantic relation analysis in question answering","author":"sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc 14th TREC"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1641451.1641452"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Answer passage retrieval for question answering","author":"corrada-emmanuel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tech Rep"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Exploiting syntactic and shallow semantic kernels for question\/answer classification","author":"moschitti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc 45th ACL"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/860435.860445"}],"container-title":["IBM Journal of Research and Development"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx5\/5288520\/6177717\/06177731.pdf?arnumber=6177731","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T17:57:23Z","timestamp":1761242243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6177731\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3.4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1147\/jrd.2012.2187249","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-8646","0018-8646"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-8646"},{"type":"electronic","value":"0018-8646"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}