{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:21:43Z","timestamp":1793046103524,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"The Electrochemical Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021130","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["03EI3046F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03EI3046F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Electrochem. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"With the interest in achieving higher gravimetric and volumetric energy densities in lithium-ion batteries, increasing the electrode loading and reducing its thickness\u2014and consequently porosity\u2014while maintaining low tortuosity is desirable. Achieving high power density requires a thorough understanding of these structural parameters of thick graphite electrodes and their changes during the formation of the solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI). Graphite electrodes with loadings of \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u223c<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 10<\/mml:mn>\n \n \n \n \n mg<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n cm<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n\n <\/jats:inline-formula> and pristine porosities ranging from 20\u201350% underwent formation at 45 \u00b0C in LP57 + 2% VC electrolyte. The ionic pore resistance after formation was quantified in non-blocking conditions using a \u03bc-reference electrode and measuring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at \u22125\u00a0\u00b0C. Upon formation, the ionic resistance of the graphite electrodes increased by up to 25%, which was quantitatively related to specific changes in electrode thickness, porosity, and tortuosity. The change in electrode thickness depended on the pristine porosity and increased by up to \u223c11%. Mercury intrusion porosimetry revealed a decrease in porosity for initially high-porosity electrodes and an increase for those with low pristine porosity. The tortuosity of the electrodes increased by up to \u223c10% upon formation. The thickness and density of the SEI were determined using a combination of pycnometry and mass-gain measurements, yielding 16\u201320 nm and \u223c\n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n 1.07<\/mml:mn>\n \n \n \n \n g<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n cm<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n\n <\/jats:inline-formula>, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/addd4f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T01:36:24Z","timestamp":1752629784000},"page":"070513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Changes in Structure and Ionic Resistance of Lithium-Ion Battery Graphite Electrodes \u2013 Part I: Impact of Formation and SEI"],"prefix":"10.1149","volume":"172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4329-2459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonas L. S.","family":"Dickmanns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6240-5893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lennart","family":"Reuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-1022","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Morasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-5260","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filippo","family":"Maglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1135-7438","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roland","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8199-8703","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hubert A.","family":"Gasteiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"77","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"jesaddd4fbib1","article-title":"Cycle life testing of lithium-ion batteries for small satellite LEO space missions","author":"Mayer","year":"1993"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228614","article-title":"18650 vs 21700 Li-ion cells\u2014a direct comparison of electrochemical, thermal, and geometrical properties","volume":"472","author":"Waldmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Power Sources"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-35933-2","article-title":"A non-academic perspective on the future of lithium-based batteries","volume":"14","author":"Frith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15355-0","article-title":"A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry","volume":"11","author":"Manthiram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib5","article-title":"Li-ion battery market 2023-2033: technologies, players, applications, outlooks and forecasts","author":"Holland","year":"2023"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A2149","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1211609jes","article-title":"Review\u2014Post-mortem analysis of aged lithium-ion batteries: disassembly methodology and physico-chemical analysis techniques","volume":"163","author":"Waldmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries5040064","article-title":"Design strategies for high power vs high energy lithium ion cells","volume":"5","author":"Lain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Batteries"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2023.143341","article-title":"Cell teardown and characterization of an automotive prismatic LFP battery","volume":"471","author":"Stock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electrochimica Acta"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.230469","article-title":"Development of an innovative workflow to optimize the fast-charge capability of lithium-ion battery cells","volume":"512","author":"Adam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Power Sources"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1373","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1141607jes","article-title":"Tortuosity determination of battery electrodes and separators by impedance spectroscopy","volume":"163","author":"Landesfeind","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.1021\/jp512564f","article-title":"Impedance spectroscopy characterization of porous electrodes under different electrode thickness using a symmetric cell for high-performance lithium-ion batteries","volume":"119","author":"Ogihara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Chemistry C"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1034","DOI":"10.1149\/2.057207jes","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental analysis of porous electrodes for lithium-ion batteries by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a symmetric cell","volume":"159","author":"Ogihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1185","DOI":"10.1149\/2.001111jes","article-title":"Understanding rate-limiting mechanisms in LiFePO4 cathodes for Li-ion batteries","volume":"158","author":"Thorat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/acfcdd","article-title":"Analytical solutions to characterize through-plane inhomogeneity of porous electrodes using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"170","author":"Choudhury","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ad92dc","article-title":"Method\u2014Impedance modeling of lithium plating during fast charging of lithium-ion cells to derive monitoring strategies","volume":"171","author":"Keilhofer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ace559","article-title":"Warburg conductivity for binary electrolyte for enabling electrolyte screening and efficient battery operations","volume":"170","author":"Choudhury","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2013.05.037","article-title":"A novel method for measuring the effective conductivity and the contact resistance of porous electrodes for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"34","author":"Ender","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochemistry Communications"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"080519","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ac1892","article-title":"Methods\u2014Understanding porous electrode impedance and the implications for the impedance analysis of Li-ion battery electrodes","volume":"168","author":"Morasch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1773","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0131709jes","article-title":"An analysis protocol for three-electrode Li-ion battery impedance spectra: I. Analysis of a high-voltage positive electrode","volume":"164","author":"Landesfeind","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A2145","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0461810jes","article-title":"An analysis protocol for three-electrode Li-ion battery impedance spectra: II. Analysis of a graphite anode cycled vs LNMO","volume":"165","author":"Pritzl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"05048","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ad48c0","article-title":"Li-ion battery material impedance analysis II. Graphite and solid electrolyte interphase kinetics","volume":"171","author":"Morasch","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1703","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1441707jes","article-title":"Review\u2014SEI: past, present and future","volume":"164","author":"Peled","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A2513","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1001712jes","article-title":"The effect of CO2 on Alkyl carbonate trans-esterification during formation of graphite electrodes in li-ion batteries","volume":"164","author":"Strehle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A2035","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0821910jes","article-title":"The impact of CO2 evolved from VC and FEC during formation of graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries","volume":"166","author":"Schwenke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-018-0047-z","article-title":"Electrocatalytic transformation of HF impurity to H2 and LiF in lithium-ion batteries","volume":"1","author":"Strmcnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11337","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b00072","article-title":"Role of 1,3-propane sultone and vinylene carbonate in solid electrolyte interface formation and gas generation","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry C"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ac3158","article-title":"Monitoring SEI formation on graphite electrodes in lithium-ion cells by impedance spectroscopy","volume":"168","author":"Solchenbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1021\/jp3118055","article-title":"Lithium ion battery graphite solid electrolyte interphase revealed by microscopy and spectroscopy","volume":"117","author":"Nie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Chemistry C"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1001","DOI":"10.1149\/2.054406jes","article-title":"Role of lithium salt on solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation and structure in lithium ion batteries","volume":"161","author":"Nie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A7008","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0021513jes","article-title":"Effect of vinylene carbonate and fluoroethylene carbonate on SEI formation on graphitic anodes in li-ion batteries","volume":"162","author":"Nie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A198","DOI":"10.1149\/2.004203jes","article-title":"In situ investigations of SEI layer growth on electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries using spectroscopic ellipsometry","volume":"159","author":"McArthur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A3403","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0731814jes","article-title":"Resolving the discrepancy in tortuosity factor estimation for li-ion battery electrodes through micro-macro modeling and experiment","volume":"165","author":"Usseglio-Viretta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A469","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0231803jes","article-title":"Tortuosity of battery electrodes: validation of impedance-derived values and critical comparison with 3D tomography","volume":"165","author":"Landesfeind","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690210103","article-title":"Porous-electrode theory with battery applications","volume":"21","author":"Newman","year":"1975","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2054684","article-title":"Simulation and optimization of the dual lithium ion insertion cell","volume":"141","author":"Fuller","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A339","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0311802jes","article-title":"Quantifying inhomogeneity of lithium ion battery electrodes and its influence on electrochemical performance","volume":"165","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013506","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0062001jes","article-title":"Modeling and simulation of pore morphology modifications using laser-structured graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries","volume":"167","author":"Kraft","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab9b93","article-title":"Simple way of making free-standing battery electrodes and their use in enabling half-cell impedance measurements via \u03bc -reference electrode","volume":"167","author":"Morasch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A2265","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0581610jes","article-title":"A gold micro-reference electrode for impedance and potential measurements in lithium ion batteries","volume":"163","author":"Solchenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib40","article-title":"Changes in Structure and Ionic Resistance of Lithium-Ion Battery Graphite Electrodes \u2013 Part II: Impact of State-of-Charge","author":"Reuter"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab9187","article-title":"Novel method for monitoring the electrochemical capacitance by in situ impedance spectroscopy as indicator for particle cracking of nickel-rich NCMs: I. Theory and validation","volume":"167","author":"Oswald","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A3079","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0571912jes","article-title":"Temperature and concentration dependence of the ionic transport properties of lithium-ion battery electrolytes","volume":"166","author":"Landesfeind","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib43","article-title":"Determination of the temperature-dependent conductivity of a lithium-ion battery electrolyte by means of EIS","author":"Dr\u00fcschler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Application Note"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094509","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/acfa26","article-title":"Analysis of the MPL\/GDL interface: impact of MPL intrusion into the GDL substrate","volume":"170","author":"Berger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030507","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/abe50c","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of LMR-NCM and NCA cathode active materials in multilayer lithium-ion pouch cells: I. Production, electrode characterization, and formation","volume":"168","author":"Schreiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib46","author":"Micromeritics","year":"2012"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A3272","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0541914jes","article-title":"Temperature dependent EIS studies separating charge transfer impedance from contact impedance in lithium-ion symmetric cells","volume":"166","author":"Keefe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030534","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/acc09d","article-title":"Comparison of silicon and graphite anodes: temperature-dependence of impedance characteristics and rate performance","volume":"170","author":"Berg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2015.02.038","article-title":"Modeling graphite anodes with serial and transmission line models","volume":"282","author":"Illig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Power Sources"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.19354160705","article-title":"Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenen Substanzen. I. Dielektrizit\u00e4tskonstanten und Leitf\u00e4higkeiten der Mischk\u00f6rper aus isotropen Substanzen","volume":"24","author":"Bruggeman","year":"1935","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. (Berlin)"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.19374210205","article-title":"Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenen Substanzen: III. Die elastischen Konstanten der quasiisotropen Mischk\u00f6rper aus isotropen Substanzen","volume":"29","author":"Bruggeman","year":"1937","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. (Berlin)"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2008.12.032","article-title":"Quantifying tortuosity in porous Li-ion battery materials","volume":"188","author":"Thorat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Power Sources"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"050528","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/acd2fe","article-title":"Influence of initial porosity on the expansion behavior of electrodes in lithium-ion batteries","volume":"170","author":"Moyassari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"040515","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/abf262","article-title":"Electrochemically stable in situ dilatometry of NMC, NCA and graphite electrodes for lithium-ion cells compared to XRD measurements","volume":"168","author":"Spingler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab9b20","article-title":"A liquid electrolyte-based lithium-ion battery cell design for operando neutron depth profiling","volume":"167","author":"Linsenmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib56","article-title":"Reference tables","author":"NIST"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1659","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1785795","article-title":"Analysis of vinylene carbonate derived SEI layers on graphite anode","volume":"151","author":"Ota","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-024-01494-x","article-title":"High lithium oxide prevalence in the lithium solid\u2013electrolyte interphase for high Coulombic efficiency","volume":"9","author":"Hobold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Energy"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib59","author":"Villars"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A447","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3557892","article-title":"A high precision coulometry study of the SEI growth in Li\/graphite cells","volume":"158","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A2135","DOI":"10.1149\/2.011301jes","article-title":"Effect of carbon surface area on first discharge capacity of Li-O2 cathodes and cycle-life behavior in ether-based electrolytes","volume":"159","author":"Meini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using mercury intrusion porosimetry in battery research","author":"Berger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Micromeritics"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"09503","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ad71f6","article-title":"Effect of mechanical pressure on rate capability, lifetime, and expansion in multilayer pouch cells with silicon-dominant anodes","volume":"171","author":"Friedrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1137\/0111030","article-title":"An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters","volume":"11","author":"Marquardt","year":"1963","journal-title":"Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201301278","article-title":"Tortuosity anisotropy in lithium-ion battery electrodes","volume":"4","author":"Ebner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201200932","article-title":"X-ray tomography of porous, transition metal oxide based lithium ion battery electrodes","volume":"3","author":"Ebner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241882","article-title":"Visualization and quantification of electrochemical and mechanical degradation in Li ion batteries","volume":"342","author":"Ebner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/abcabd","article-title":"Evaluating the high-voltage stability of conductive carbon and ethylene carbonate with various lithium salts","volume":"167","author":"Metzger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"jesaddd4fbib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025002","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7655\/acbbee","article-title":"Interphase formation with carboxylic acids as slurry additives for Si electrodes in Li-ion batteries. II: A photoelectron spectroscopy study","volume":"5","author":"Jeschull","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Energy"}],"container-title":["Journal of The Electrochemical Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1149\/1945-7111\/addd4f","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1149\/1945-7111\/addd4f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1149\/1945-7111\/addd4f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1149\/1945-7111\/addd4f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T01:36:25Z","timestamp":1752629785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1149\/1945-7111\/addd4f"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/1945-7111\/addd4f","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-4651","1945-7111"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-4651","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7111","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Changes in Structure and Ionic Resistance of Lithium-Ion Battery Graphite Electrodes \u2013 Part I: Impact of Formation and SEI","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published on behalf of The Electrochemical Society by IOP Publishing Limited","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-03-01","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-07-15","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}