{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T19:48:18Z","timestamp":1779306498315,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Advances in Physiology Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> During the last century, historians have discovered that between the 13th and 18th centuries, at least six sages discovered that the air we breathe contains something that we need and use. Ibn al-Nafis (1213\u20131288) in Cairo and Michael Servetus (1511\u20131553) in France accurately described the pulmonary circulation and its effect on blood color. Michael Sendivogius (1566\u20131636) in Poland called a part of air \u201cthe food of life\u201d and identified it as the gas made by heating saltpetre. John Mayow (1641\u20131679) in Oxford found that one-fifth of air was a special gas he called \u201cspiritus nitro aereus.\u201d Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742\u20131786) in Uppsala generated a gas he named \u201cfire air\u201d by heating several metal calcs. He asked Lavoisier how it fit the phlogiston theory. Lavoisier never answered. In 1744, Joseph Priestley (1733\u20131804) in England discovered how to make part of air by heating red calc of mercury. He found it brightened a flame and supported life in a mouse in a sealed bottle. He called it \u201cdephlogisticated air.\u201d He published and personally told Lavoisier and other chemists about it. Lavoisier never thanked him. After 9 years of generating and studying its chemistry, he couldn't understand whether it was a new element. He still named it \u201cprincipe oxigene.\u201d He was still not able to disprove phlogiston. Henry Cavendish (1731\u20131810) made an inflammable gas in 1766. He and Priestley noted that its flame made a dew. Cavendish proved the dew was pure water and published this in 1778, but all scientists called it impossible to make water, an element. In 1783, on June 24th, Lavoisier was urged to try it, and, when water appeared, he realized that water was not an element but a compound of two gases, proving that oxygen was an element. He then demolished phlogiston and began the new chemistry revolution. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00076.2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T22:28:47Z","timestamp":1469485727000},"page":"370-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Eight sages over five centuries share oxygen's discovery"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"John W.","family":"Severinghaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Emeritus of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193607000-00001"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91171.2008"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Hunted Heretic: the Life and Death of Michael Servetus, 1511\u20131553","author":"Bainton RH","year":"1953"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"O'Malley CD. Michael Servetus. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 1953, p. 195\u2013208."},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Michael Servetus, Humanist and Martyr","author":"Fulton JF","year":"1953"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Bugnaj R. Michael Sendivogius (1566\u20131636): His Life and Works. London: Ossolineum, 1968, p. 126."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"373","volume":"50","author":"Stefanadis C","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hellenic J Cardiol"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Water That Does Not Wet Hands: the Alchemy of Michael Sendivogius","author":"Szydlo A","year":"1994"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"A History of Breathing Physiology. Lung Biology in Health and Disease","volume":"83","author":"Proctor DF","year":"1995"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire","author":"Scheele CW","year":"1777"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Grimaux E","year":"1890","journal-title":"Revue G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Sciences Pures et Appliqu\u00e9es"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1775.0039"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier","author":"Guerlac H","year":"1975"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"144","volume":"56","author":"Cavendish H","year":"1766","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc London"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","author":"Kuhn TS","year":"1962"},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 El\u00e9mentaire de Chimie","author":"Lavoisier A","year":"1789"},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"The Enlightened Joseph Priestley: a Study of His Life and Work From 1773 to 1804","author":"Schofield RE","year":"2004"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00067.2014"}],"container-title":["Advances in Physiology Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/advan.00076.2016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]],"date-time":"2019-09-08T18:51:26Z","timestamp":1567968686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/advan.00076.2016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/advan.00076.2016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/advan.00076.2016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-4046","1522-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-4046","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1229","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}}}