{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:35:22Z","timestamp":1792665322986,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Advances in Physiology Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Our understanding of the mechanisms of sex hormone action has changed dramatically over the last 10 years. Estrogens, progestins, and androgens are the steroid hormones that modulate reproductive function. Recent data have shown that many other tissues are targets of sex hormones in addition to classical reproductive organs. This review outlines new advances in our understanding of the spectrum of steroid hormone ligands, newly recognized target tissues, structure-function relationships of steroid receptors, and, finally, their genomic and nongenomic actions. Sex-based specific effects are often related to the different steroid hormone mileu in men compared with women. Understanding the mechanisms of sex steroid action gives insight into the differences in normal physiology and disease states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00086.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,27]],"date-time":"2007-02-27T22:03:20Z","timestamp":1172613800000},"page":"26-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Sex steroid effects at target tissues: mechanisms of action"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Wierman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1701"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baulieu EE, Atger M, Best-Belpomme M, Corvol P, Courvalin JC, Mester J, Milgrom E, Robel P, Rochefort H, De Catalogne D.Steroid hormone receptors.Vitam Horm33: 649\u2013736, 1975.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60974-7"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0486"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cato AC, Nestl A, Mink S.Rapid actions of steroid receptors in cellular signaling pathways.Sci STKE2002: RE9, 2002.","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.2002.138.re9"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.6.8288"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00115-X"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.20.3.0370"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Curtis SH, Korach KS.Steroid receptor knockout models: phenotypes and responses illustrate interactions between receptor signaling pathways in vivo.Adv Pharmacol47: 357\u2013380, 2000."},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00634-3"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.11.8895349"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120151"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.15.1743440"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(00)00101-1"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(01)00527-6"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1250143"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(99)00215-5"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang EY, Zhang J, Miska EA, Guenther MG, Kouzarides T, Lazar MA.Nuclear receptor corepressors partner with class II histone deacetylases in a Sin3-independent repression pathway.Genes Dev14: 45\u201354, 2000.","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.1.45"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.9.7649"},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"Korach KS, Couse JF, Curtis SW, Washburn TF, Lindzey J, Kimbro KS, Eddy EM, Migliaccio S, Snedeker SM, Lubahn DB, Schomberg DW, Smith EP.Estrogen receptor gene disruption: molecular characterization and experimental and clinical phenotypes.Recent Prog Horm Res51: 158\u2013186, 1996."},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(96)00175-6"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2003-0331"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0390"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:24:3:223"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318812"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1997.1393"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvi118"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonnell DP, Clemm DL, Hermann T, Goldman ME, Pike JW.Analysis of estrogen receptor function in vitro reveals three distinct classes of antiestrogens.Mol Endocrinol9: 659\u2013669, 1995.","DOI":"10.1210\/me.9.6.659"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendelsohn ME.Genomic and nongenomic effects of estrogen in the vasculature.Am J Cardiol90: 3F\u20136F, 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02418-9"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112062"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906103402306"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00654-06"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prentice RL, Pettinger M, Anderson GL.Statistical issues arising in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative.Biometrics61: 841\u2013911, 2005.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2005.454_1.x"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27071"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.7986"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1988.255.5.E696"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-7-1-11"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00633-1"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81717-1"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.081601.142703"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01310.x"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.6.0009"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0023"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199410203311604"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-0020"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-1336-1-4"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30183-X"}],"container-title":["Advances in Physiology Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/advan.00086.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T20:13:18Z","timestamp":1683749598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/advan.00086.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/advan.00086.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/advan.00086.2006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-4046","1522-1229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-4046","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1229","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}