{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:46:48Z","timestamp":1787017608401,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) subtypes 1-4 in the various structures of the rat eye by using a combination of conventional and real-time RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Retinal samples expressed mRNAs encoding all four MCTs. MCT1 immunoreactivity was observed in photoreceptor inner segments, M\u00fcller cells, retinal capillaries, and the two plexiform layers. MCT2 labeling was concentrated in the inner and outer plexiform layers. MCT4 immunolabeling was present only in the inner retina, particularly in putative M\u00fcller cells, and the plexiform layers. No MCT3 labeling could be observed. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)\/choroid expressed high levels of MCT1 and MCT3 mRNAs but lower levels of MCT2 and MCT4 mRNAs. MCT1 was localized to the apical and MCT3 to the basal membrane of the RPE, whereas MCT2 staining was faint. Although MCT1-MCT4 mRNAs were all detectable in iris and ciliary body samples, only MCT1 and MCT2 proteins were expressed. These were present in the iris epithelium and the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary processes. MCT4 was localized to the smooth muscle lining of large vessels in the iris-ciliary body and choroid. In the cornea, MCT1 and MCT2 mRNAs and proteins were detectable in the epithelium and endothelium, whereas evidence was found for the presence of MCT4 and, to a lesser extent, MCT1 in the lens epithelium. The unique distribution of MCT subtypes in the eye is indicative of the pivotal role that these transporters play in the maintenance of ocular function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00037.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,29]],"date-time":"2004-09-29T20:24:32Z","timestamp":1096489472000},"page":"C416-C428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Expression of monocarboxylate transporters in rat ocular tissues"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"288","author":[{"given":"Glyn","family":"Chidlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P. M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neville N.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassnett S\n                      , Croghan PC, and Duncan G.\n                      Diffusion of lactate and its role in determining intracellular pH in the lens of the eye.\n                      Exp Eye Res\n                      44\n                      : 143\u2013147, 1987.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(87)80032-5"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baud O\n                      , Fayol L, Gressens P, Pellerin L, Magistretti P, Evrard P, and Verney C.\n                      Perinatal and early postnatal changes in the expression of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT2 in the rat forebrain.\n                      J Comp Neurol\n                      465\n                      : 445\u2013454, 2003.","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10853"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergersen L\n                      , Johannsson E, Veruki ML, Nagelhus EA, Halestrap A, Sejersted OM, and Ottersen OP.\n                      Cellular and subcellular expression of monocarboxylate transporters in the pigment epithelium and retina of the rat.\n                      Neuroscience\n                      90\n                      : 319\u2013331, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00427-8"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergersen L\n                      , Waerhaug O, Helm J, Thomas M, Laake P, Davies AJ, Wilson MC, Halestrap AP, and Ottersen OP.\n                      A novel postsynaptic density protein: the monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 is co-localized with delta-glutamate receptors in postsynaptic densities of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses.\n                      Exp Brain Res\n                      136\n                      : 523\u2013534, 2001.","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000600"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonanno JA\n                      .\n                      Lactate-proton cotransport in rabbit corneal epithelium.\n                      Curr Eye Res\n                      9\n                      : 707\u2013712, 1990.","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689008999587"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonen A\n                      .\n                      The expression of lactate transporters (MCT1 and MCT4) in heart and muscle.\n                      Eur J Appl Physiol\n                      86\n                      : 6\u201311, 2001.","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100516"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braunagel SC\n                      and Yorio T.\n                      Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of bovine ciliary process: effects of metabolic and transport inhibitors.\n                      J Ocul Pharmacol Ther\n                      3\n                      : 141\u2013148, 1987.","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1987.3.141"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks GA\n                      .\n                      Lactate shuttles in nature.\n                      Biochem Soc Trans\n                      30\n                      : 258\u2013264, 2002.","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0300258"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davson H\n                      .\n                      The intra-ocular fluids. In:\n                      The Eye\n                      , edited by Davson H. London: Academic, 1969, p. 67\u2013186.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3090-0.50009-5"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debernardi R\n                      , Pierre K, Lengacher S, Magistretti PJ, and Pellerin L.\n                      Cell-specific expression pattern of monocarboxylate transporters in astrocytes and neurons observed in different mouse brain cortical cell cultures.\n                      J Neurosci Res\n                      73\n                      : 141\u2013155, 2003.","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10660"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimmer KS\n                      , Friedrich B, Lang F, Deitmer JW, and Broer S.\n                      The low-affinity monocarboxylate transporter MCT4 is adapted to the export of lactate in highly glycolytic cells.\n                      Biochem J\n                      350\n                      : 219\u2013227, 2000.","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3500219"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerhart DZ\n                      , Leino RL, and Drewes LR.\n                      Distribution of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT2 in rat retina.\n                      Neuroscience\n                      92\n                      : 367\u2013375, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00699-X"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giasson C\n                      and Bonanno JA.\n                      Facilitated transport of lactate by rabbit corneal endothelium.\n                      Exp Eye Res\n                      59\n                      : 73\u201381, 1994.","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1994.1082"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goddard I\n                      , Florin A, Mauduit C, Tabone E, Contard P, Bars R, Chuzel F, and Benahmed M.\n                      Alteration of lactate production and transport in the adult rat testis exposed in utero to flutamide.\n                      Mol Cell Endocrinol\n                      206\n                      : 137\u2013146, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00433-1"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halestrap AP\n                      and Price NT.\n                      The proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family: structure, function and regulation.\n                      Biochem J\n                      343\n                      : 281\u2013299, 1999.","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3430281"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson VN\n                      , Price NT, Carpenter L, and Halestrap AP.\n                      Cloning of the monocarboxylate transporter isoform MCT2 from rat testis provides evidence that expression in tissues is species-specific and may involve post-transcriptional regulation.\n                      Biochem J\n                      324\n                      : 447\u2013453, 1997.","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3240447"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juel C\n                      and Halestrap AP.\n                      Lactate transport in skeletal muscle: role and regulation of the monocarboxylate transporter.\n                      J Physiol\n                      517\n                      : 633\u2013642, 1999.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0633s.x"},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"Livak KJ\n                      and Schmittgen TD.\n                      Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the \\batchmode \\documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\pagestyle{empty} \\begin{document} \\(2^{{-}{\\Delta}{\\Delta}\\mathit{C}_{\\mathit{T}}}\\) \\end{document}method.\n                      Methods\n                      25\n                      : 402\u2013408, 2001."},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"Nash MS\n                      and Osborne NN.\n                      Assessment of Thy-1 mRNA levels as an index of retinal ganglion cell damage.\n                      Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\n                      40\n                      : 1293\u20131298, 1999."},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philp NJ\n                      , Ochrietor JD, Rudoy C, Muramatsu T, and Linser PJ.\n                      Loss of MCT1, MCT3, and MCT4 expression in the retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina of the 5A11\/basigin-null mouse.\n                      Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\n                      44\n                      : 1305\u20131311, 2003.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0552"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philp NJ\n                      , Yoon H, and Grollman EF.\n                      Monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 is located in the apical membrane and MCT3 in the basal membrane of rat RPE.\n                      Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol\n   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       Intraocular dynamics of lactic acid in the rabbit.\n                      Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\n                      11\n                      : 600\u2013607, 1972."},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley MV\n                      and Baroncelli V.\n                      Metabolism of ciliary body in relation to formation of aqueous humour.\n                      Nature\n                      201\n                      : 621, 1964.","DOI":"10.1038\/201621a0"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thumann G\n                      .\n                      Development and cellular functions of the iris pigment epithelium.\n                      Surv Ophthalmol\n                      45\n                      : 345\u2013354, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00195-8"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams MR\n                      , Duncan G, Croghan PC, Riach R, and Webb SF.\n                      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