{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T09:52:20Z","timestamp":1794304340640,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Rapamycin-sensitive signaling is required for skeletal muscle differentiation and remodeling. In cultured myoblasts, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been reported to regulate differentiation at different stages through distinct mechanisms, including one that is independent of mTOR kinase activity. However, the kinase-independent function of mTOR remains controversial, and no in vivo studies have examined those mTOR myogenic mechanisms previously identified in vitro. In this study, we find that rapamycin impairs injury-induced muscle regeneration. To validate the role of mTOR with genetic evidence and to probe the mechanism of mTOR function, we have generated and characterized transgenic mice expressing two mutants of mTOR under the control of human skeletal actin (HSA) promoter: rapamycin-resistant (RR) and RR\/kinase-inactive (RR\/KI). Our results show that muscle regeneration in rapamycin-administered mice is restored by RR-mTOR expression. In the RR\/KI-mTOR mice, nascent myofiber formation during the early phase of regeneration proceeds in the presence of rapamycin, but growth of the regenerating myofibers is blocked by rapamycin. Igf2 mRNA levels increase drastically during early regeneration, which is sensitive to rapamycin in wild-type muscles but partially resistant to rapamycin in both RR- and RR\/KI-mTOR muscles, consistent with mTOR regulation of Igf2 expression in a kinase-independent manner. Furthermore, systemic ablation of S6K1, a target of mTOR kinase, results in impaired muscle growth but normal nascent myofiber formation during regeneration. Therefore, mTOR regulates muscle regeneration through kinase-independent and kinase-dependent mechanisms at the stages of nascent myofiber formation and myofiber growth, respectively. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00248.2009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T02:35:22Z","timestamp":1254364522000},"page":"C1434-C1444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["mTOR regulates skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo through kinase-dependent and kinase-independent mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Yejing","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai-Luen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Warnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongben","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Kawasome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naohiro","family":"Terada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marni D.","family":"Boppart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Schoenherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.14.1.483"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.10.002"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1101-1014"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1990.tb01159.x"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2003.12.025"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301142200"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4652(200101)186:1<82::AID-JCP1001>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.10.6653"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.7.4341"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200701027"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100406200"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Nutrient and Cell Signaling","author":"Erbay E","year":"2005"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200307158"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027387501614"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"695","volume-title":"Translational Control of Gene Expression","author":"Fumagalli S","year":"2000"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.68.1.913"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.2.534"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20040274"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.5.13.2921"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00319-2"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200601102"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.9.5033"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(95)00012-C"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"2","volume":"2","author":"Ma XM","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.3.1274"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(99)00036-8"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200210117"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200665200"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1231"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00110.2002"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M506120200"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2005.05.017"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00355.2007"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1101-1009"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2005.09.009"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00329-4"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112285200"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02866"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90610-3"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.01.016"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.022566"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00248.2009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T17:18:38Z","timestamp":1718644718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00248.2009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpcell.00248.2009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00248.2009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-6143","1522-1563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-6143","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}