{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:29:58Z","timestamp":1792808998820,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"Ubben Family Fund","award":["#250392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#250392"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.physiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary fibrosis results from a plethora of abnormal pathogenetic events. In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), inhalational, environmental, or occupational exposures in genetically and epigenetically predisposed individuals trigger recurrent cycles of alveolar epithelial cell injury, activation of coagulation pathways, chemoattraction, and differentiation of monocytes into monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (Mo-AMs). When these events happen intermittently and repeatedly throughout the individual\u2019s life cycle, the wound repair process becomes aberrant leading to bronchiolization of distal air spaces, fibroblast accumulation, extracellular matrix deposition, and loss of the alveolar-capillary architecture. The role of immune dysregulation in IPF pathogenesis and progression has been underscored in the past mainly after the disappointing results of immunosuppressant use in IPF patients; however, recent reports highlighting the prognostic and mechanistic roles of monocytes and Mo-AMs revived the interest in immune dysregulation in IPF. In this review, we will discuss the role of these cells in the onset and progression of IPF, as well as potential targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00302.2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T04:22:51Z","timestamp":1694406171000},"page":"C1046-C1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Monocytes and macrophages: emerging mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets in pulmonary fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"325","author":[{"given":"Carole Y.","family":"Perrot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Karampitsakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8129-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose D.","family":"Herazo-Maya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104766"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00073012"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2014.982165"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050062"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201306-1141WS"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2014-0126"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200911-1698OC"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0323OC"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100035"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0377OC"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00246"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4447"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2017.03.016"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.06.045"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008959"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200812-1936OC"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00264.2018"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00041"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.687397"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1983"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.04.011"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005964"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(17)30349-1"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(18)30508-3"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01725-9"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0669OC"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103439"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mcp.0000000000000977"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14363"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2010.06.017"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00043"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.12.003"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.42.5.443"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131199"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.004"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20162152"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.02.001"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.4.1027"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0864-2"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2015.10.003"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1995-y"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00484.2014"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.018"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034339"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1990"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.05.011"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.05.007"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.015"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00602"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007096"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012034"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.12.7565"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5645"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45444"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.175950.111"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1920"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-04-217620"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.169367"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjs044"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.146852"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678457"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01855-2019"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.623430"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02134-2"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0086MA"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20611"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1719OC"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2013.11.012"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2016.36"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-018-0300-8"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136542"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb8471"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2205360119"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200509-1518OC"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2410OC"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02441-2018"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0276-y"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ayaub E, Poli S, Ng J, Adams T, Schupp J, Quesada-Arias L, Poli F, Cosme C, Robertson M, Martinez-Manzano J, Liang X, Villalba J, Lederer J, Chu S, Raby B, Washko G, Coarfa C, Perrella M, El-Chemaly S, Kaminski N, Rosas I. Single cell RNA-seq and mass cytometry reveals a novel and a targetable population of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. bioRxiv 2021.01.04.425268, 2021.doi:10.1101\/2021.01.04.425268.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.04.425268"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123805"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.802066"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201602-0329OC"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303463"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182851"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.3.727"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0343-6"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0504288"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198707233170404"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114808"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201603-0568OC"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00104814"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402584"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-260182"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009224"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700219R"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.29.1_supplement.865.7"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00235.2017"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1359"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.05.008"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.5.9154889"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101307"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201601371R"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc1884"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25986"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201809-1775OC"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxab040"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-71"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri978"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0730-2"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00856-w"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00024711"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/2009-0144-OA.1"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911443"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0172ED"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00060708"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.5.9906096"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097485"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1103690"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209701"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00437-9"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00122.2010"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5489"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.10.003"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7742"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2013.12.002"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194803"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6121.S4-004"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2006.06.007"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.759217"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00532"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-256263"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74942"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0071OC"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.05.004"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Unterman A, Zhao AY, Neumark N, Schupp JC, Ahangari F, Cosme C, Sharma P, Flint J, Stein Y, Ryu C, Ishikawa G, Sumida TS, Gomez JL, Herazo-Maya J, Cruz CS, Herzog EL, Kaminski N. Single-cell profiling reveals immune aberrations in progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. medRxiv 2023.04.29.23289296, 2023. doi:10.1101\/2023.04.29.23289296.37163015","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.29.23289296"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109570"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12637"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1036"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.10.013"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05876-z"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.158100"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121098119"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.613907"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00646-2019"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02357-x"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-020-00437-8"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00142"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.6129"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/pne\/161867"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.949264"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02559-2020"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00302.2023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T10:59:31Z","timestamp":1718621971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00302.2023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpcell.00302.2023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00302.2023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-6143","1522-1563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-6143","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-30","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}