{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T19:45:43Z","timestamp":1776973543118,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Goethe-Corona-Fonds"},{"name":"Dr.Ing. Wilhelm und Maria Kirmser Stiftung"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.physiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mpox disease has emerged from obscurity into the global spotlight, as the Orthopoxvirus monkeypox virus (MPXV) has sparked multiple independent outbreaks with sustained human-to-human transmission\u2014proving it can spread, adapt, and persist. Furthermore, these events have exposed critical gaps in our understanding of MPXV\u2019s molecular virology and its interactions with the host immune system. A wide host range, adaptable genomic architecture, immune evasion, and waning immunity due to the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination are possible factors contributing to increased spill-overs and increasing epidemic potential. This review consolidates current insights into the MPXV lifecycle, outlining the viral molecular machinery and strategies used to hijack host cellular pathways for replication and spread. We further dissect the dynamic interplay between MPXV and host immunity, from interferon resistance to natural killer cell evasion and the tug-of-war with cellular and humoral responses. Finally, we evaluate the current landscape of therapeutic interventions and available vaccination strategies aimed at curbing transmission and reducing disease burden. Throughout, we emphasize the most pressing knowledge gaps that must be addressed to strengthen outbreak resilience and guide effective long-term response strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00575.2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:01:48Z","timestamp":1771891308000},"page":"C891-C908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monkeypox virus: the complexities of a resurgent threat"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"330","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Full","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwig-University Freiburg","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia Rebecca","family":"Port","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7914-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denisa","family":"Bojkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"593","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj ID","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207323"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"165","volume":"58","author":"Breman JG","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"425","volume":"65","author":"Jezek Z","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc060792"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.017311"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100278"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01931-10"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0706-0"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0716"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-10086-y"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)02669-2"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.10.017"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81215-0"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00047-9"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03582-1"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01436-2"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00273-8"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.8.2919-2921.2002"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010384"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2508.190112"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00228-6"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add4153"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parker E, Omah IF, Varilly P, Magee A, Ayinla AO, Sijuwola AE, et al Genomic epidemiology uncovers the timing and origin of the emergence of mpox in humans (Preprint). medRxiv 2024.06.18.24309104, 2024. doi:10.1101\/2024.06.18.24309104. 38947052","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.18.24309104"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03130-3"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2411368"},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Detection of Autochthonous Transmission of Monkeypox Virus Clade Ib in the EU\/EEA 2025 (Online). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/threat-assessment-brief-detection-autochthonous-transmission-monkeypox-virus [2025 Dec 19]."},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mpox: Multi-country External Situation Report no. 62 (Online). World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox-external-situation-report-62-23-january-2026 [2026 Feb 03]."},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Biosafety Laboratory Guidance for Handling and Processing Monkeypox Specimens (Online). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/monkeypox\/hcp\/laboratories\/biosafety.html [2025 Nov 14]."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01907-y"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001849"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.07.009"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-4-877"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.245"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2005.00324.x"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228028"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.7.2031"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010392"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90349-x"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90562-3"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.8.4640-4648.1995"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.5.2797-2808.1996"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01601-13"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183173"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101509"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/44860"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.051"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07773"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.141"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01053-06"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155164"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80831-0"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02302-06"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.1577-1585.1998"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.8750-8761.1999"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-023-00040-2"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004618107"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.15.3932"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.12.3875"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-1-47"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000785"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113882"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01969-07"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.043943-0"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.06.006"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.10.011"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.13.2.488-493.1974"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(71)90313-5"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.51.2.359-366.1984"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01015-17"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02723-07"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Veratti P, Wyler E, Read C, Scherer M, Tan J, Walther P, Wider S, Weidl D, Ful F. Poxviruses induce a nuclear environment in the cytoplasm to promote viral replication (Preprint). bioRxiv, 2024 doi:10.1101\/2024.11.21.624458.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.21.624458"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.11.005"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf566"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2410045"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00794-0"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220415120"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.05.030"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035086"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00199-11"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810378649"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.130"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780373"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012880"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01666-1"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.005108-0"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00150"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.150579"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(23)00034-4"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101082"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.01.006"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00483-8"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2332669"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56800-2"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad574"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-090222-110227"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2022.101286"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.349225"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000128"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002013"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.485490"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05824-4"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01617-08"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.23.11230-11239.2000"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1208"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.8.4633-4639.1995"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9278"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002247"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005955V"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2007.0113"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.054114-0"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002430"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020235"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00304-15"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009183"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001769"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac298"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01690-1"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01709"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01707"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(03)00423-9"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead047"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00062-23"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac471"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg8116"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03370-3"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51737-4"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad165"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2503347"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008505"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077804"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01675-2"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062026"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1696"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002195"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00256-11"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6762"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.10.6481"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096268"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1106247"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70412"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szulc-Dabrowska L, Struzik J, Cymerys J, Winnicka A, Nowak Z, Toka FN, Giery\u0144ska M. The in vitro inhibitory effect of ectromelia virus infection on innate and adaptive immune properties of GM-CSF-derived bone marrow cells is mouse strain-independent. Front Microbio 8: 315322, 2017. doi:10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02539. 29312229","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02539"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.008581-0"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lb de J, Postmus D, Jansen J, Melchert J, Hoffmann D, Corman VM, Goffinet C. MPXV infects human PBMCs in a type i interferon-sensitive manner (Preprint). bioRxiv 2024. doi:10.1101\/2024.09.16.613292.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.16.613292"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59947"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad482"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800589105"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004123"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40748-2"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909414116"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2455585"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/509823"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030425"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00571-6"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae515"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28778"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkae031"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.001"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00392.x"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091960"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101098"},{"key":"B165","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of Vaccine for Monkeypox Prevention in the United States (Online). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/monkeypox\/hcp\/vaccine-considerations\/vaccination-overview.html [2025 Dec 19]."},{"key":"B166","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Public Advice on Mpox Vaccination (Online). World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/public-advice\/mpox-vaccination [2025 Dec 19]."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2903.221231"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001974"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.50.2200882"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.24.2200883"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.014"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7220a3"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102420"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00018-0"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7320a3"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.20951"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00492-9"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01052-2"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.08.043"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02642-05"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.09.067"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf536"},{"key":"B183","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mpox: Multi-country External Situation Report no. 59. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox-external-situation-report-59-30-october-2025 [2025 Dec 19]."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7320a4"},{"key":"B185","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Vaccine Doses Allocated to 9 African Countries Hardest Hit By Mpox Surge (Online). World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/06-11-2024-vaccine-doses-allocated-to-9-african-countries-hardest-hit-by-mpox-surge [2025 Dec 19]."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103047"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.02.027"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04295"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00208-15"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.13139-13149.2005"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01689-09"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-44"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2412439"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67548-0"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12175-9"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57647-3"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adea K, Escadafal C, Emperador DM, Agogo E, O\u2019Driscoll M, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Kaiser L, Bekliz M, Eckerle I. Comparative analytical sensitivity evaluation of five mpox point-of-care assays for mpox clades Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb (Preprint). medRxiv 2026. doi:10.64898\/2026.01.17.26344231.","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.17.26344231"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00623-1"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00600-0"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku545"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28652"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00568-23"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2912.231146"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29811"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-01936-6"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-3542(02)00008-6"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2021.105182"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2212136"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2024.105995"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(95)00829-2"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.39.6.1247"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.4727"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4567"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101779"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29354"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81101-0"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38019-1"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105714"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01282-0"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0288-2"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51074-6"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.11.006"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.162"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00575.2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T19:26:29Z","timestamp":1776972389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00575.2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":223,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpcell.00575.2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00575.2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-6143","1522-1563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-6143","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-04","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}