{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:41:29Z","timestamp":1792856489177,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF21OC0066931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF21OC0066931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF24OC0089357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF24OC0089357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.physiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic, low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a fundamental driver of noncommunicable diseases\u2014including obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and neurodegeneration\u2014yet the initiating events remain incompletely understood. Accumulating evidence implicates gut barrier dysfunction and bacterial translocation as pivotal mechanisms linking environmental and metabolic stressors to systemic inflammation. Mechanistically, obesity-associated depletion of typically beneficial taxa (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Akkermansia muciniphila) and enrichment of proinflammatory Enterobacteriaceae reduce expression of tight junction proteins\u2014including, occludin, claudins, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)\u2014and increase the vascular permeability marker, plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PV-1). Combined with diminished secretion of host defense peptides (e.g., Reg3\u03b3, lysozyme) and mucus thinning, these changes facilitate LPS-driven activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and downstream cytokines. We integrate preclinical and clinical data demonstrating how these processes propagate systemic inflammation via the gut-liver and gut-vascular axes, contributing to MASLD, insulin resistance, and vascular dysfunction. Finally, we highlight emerging interventions aimed at restoring barrier integrity\u2014ranging from short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) supplementation and Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) receptor agonists to host defense peptide-based therapies\u2014and discuss methodological advances for assessing gut permeability in vivo. Understanding the gut as a dynamic interface between host and environment, and its crucial role in mediating inflammation, will be pivotal for the development of effective interventions targeting the global epidemic of obesity-related disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00704.2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T17:10:21Z","timestamp":1761412221000},"page":"C1723-C1741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["From gut to blood: barrier dysfunction as a driver of systemic low-grade inflammation in cardiometabolic disease"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"329","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-6516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sune K.","family":"Yang-Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4711-1954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora S.","family":"N\u00e4gele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6991-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin A. H.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goac008"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321288"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2024.171210"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1343143"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2653"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v3.i1.27"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02324-y"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016169"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01464-1"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0002-x"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9378"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.10.010"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.080"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309333"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2546"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.04.001"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18646"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar3318"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-334124"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00383-w"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2611"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.06.007"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312836"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00390-X"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.03.007"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3738"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101190"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01856-x"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13199"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09964-7"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104816"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.6.3035-3045.2002"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1278"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303207"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00405.2011"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00046.2013"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.88"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.5.G922"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006451107"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9292"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7419"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67292"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10863"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau3429"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-025-01113-4"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1825"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01553-x"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00646"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062418"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.04.004"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.048"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.014"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1648"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvv121"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.30"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.07.002"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.06.001"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(19)30508-6"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(89)90088-6"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbz008"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.118"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2021.03.002"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4563"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1112"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17173"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029314"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.261776"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02169-3"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.09.018"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.04.035"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad0135"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2008.46"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.01.051"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-08-0593"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109683"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00381.2024"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01065-0"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.2.186"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041082"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320118"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0178-9"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00358.2018"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.03.026"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16558"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623313508481"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2455790"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150431"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1127481"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.08.005"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.02.016"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109691"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.03.021"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.043"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316723"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2197"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00302.2006"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.06.027"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07540"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao5774"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5134"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.131110"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2016.09.004"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.055"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09263-w"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2008.10.016"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-8-9"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.579979"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189310"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00530.2021"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215927110"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043081"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100299"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.33"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150744"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.07.044"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90147-7"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20632"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02004-7"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31312-5"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01890-9"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2058851"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.017"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.08.005"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00132.2024"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.024"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00019.2019"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328035"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0191-8"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-331914"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.23651"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32835c6ca8"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440101"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/560620"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.01.034"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2012.09.010"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47594-w"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304119"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.05.011"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2018.4040"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30652"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v14.i1.89723"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00098.2016"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00372.2016"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15823"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-19"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1966263"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.11.004"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.05.011"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.ade8111"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00606-17"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3758-3766.1998"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1143548"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21408-9"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.01.013"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105683"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104638"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.32"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb1590"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goy052"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.10.007"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187515"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.015771"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03329-1"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105681"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.07.001"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112507"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2519699"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42286-8"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578273"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.256"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2014.08.008"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325021"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12934"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322599"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04194-8"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01455-z"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0033-0620(03)00076-8"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hc1002.105935"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03902-5"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.353"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.051"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07641-8"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59747-6"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000234"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12107"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031766"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2024.114966"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700118"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14232"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06224-3"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00169-8"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2377570"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.01.006"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-309059"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp4119"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176108"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218384"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.052"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.07.008"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/51734"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13230"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00170"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002169"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3708"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-012-1882-2"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9010046"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198046"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802538195"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2011.03.003"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(03)00667-x"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21117"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00093"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1988836"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abp9675"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00833-4"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201711_13847"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168670"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95117-0"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303839"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.03.021"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.08.003"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-018-0266-3"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0900-7"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0820471"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099256"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.2.215"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00113.2021"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323026"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/64710"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-022-00230-2"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.10.004"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-1002-4"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100094-6.00013-4"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-331579"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00704.2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:56:12Z","timestamp":1765997772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00704.2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":243,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpcell.00704.2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00704.2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-6143","1522-1563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-6143","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-28","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}