{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T08:19:00Z","timestamp":1769329140276,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxin-\u03b3 (T\u03b3) from the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus venom caused a concentration- and time-dependent increase in the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. T\u03b3 was \u223c200-fold more potent than veratridine judged from EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>values, although the maximal secretory efficacy of veratridine was 10-fold greater than that of T\u03b3 (1.2 vs. 12 \u03bcg\/ml of catecholamine release). The combination of both toxins produced a synergistic effect that was particularly drastic at 5 mM extracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>concentration ([Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>), when 30 \u03bcM veratridine plus 0.45 \u03bcM T\u03b3 were used. T\u03b3 (0.45 \u03bcM) doubled the basal uptake of<jats:sup>45<\/jats:sup>Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, whereas veratridine (100 \u03bcM) tripled it. Again, a drastic synergism in enhancing Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>entry was seen when T\u03b3 and veratridine were combined; this was particularly pronounced at 5 mM [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>. Veratridine induced oscillations of cytosolic Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>concentration ([Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) in single fura 2-loaded cells without elevation of basal levels. In contrast, T\u03b3 elevated basal [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>levels, causing only small oscillations. When added together, T\u03b3 and veratridine elevated the basal levels of [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>without causing large oscillations. T\u03b3 shifted the current-voltage ( I-V) curve for Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>channel current to the left. The combination of T\u03b3 with veratridine increased the shift of the I-V curve to the left, resulting in a greater recruitment of Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>channels at more hyperpolarizing potentials. This led to enhanced and more rapid accumulation of Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>in the cell, causing cell depolarization, the opening of voltage-dependent Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>channels, and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>entry and secretion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.274.6.c1745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,24]],"date-time":"2017-12-24T17:25:49Z","timestamp":1514136349000},"page":"C1745-C1754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Synergism between toxin-\u03b3 from Brazilian scorpion<i>Tityus serrulatus<\/i>and veratridine in chromaffin cells"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"274","author":[{"given":"Isaltino M.","family":"Concei\u00e7ao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u0131\u0301a and"},{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u0131\u0301a, Escola Paulista de Medicina, 04034\u2013970 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Lebrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u0131\u0301mica e Biof\u0131\u0301sica, Instituto Butantan, 05503 S\u00e3o Paulo;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Cano-Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u0131\u0301a y Terap\u00e9utica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid; 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