{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:26:59Z","timestamp":1791149219843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this work was to elucidate the molecular events underlying stimulation of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) induced by acetylcholine (ACh) in frog esophagus epithelium. ACh induces a profound increase in CBF and in intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>concentration ([Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) through M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>and M<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>muscarinic receptors. The [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>slowly decays to the basal level, while CBF stabilizes at an elevated level. These results suggest that ACh triggers Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-correlated and -uncorrelated modes of ciliary stimulation. ACh response is abolished by the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U-73122 and by depletion of intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>stores but is unaffected by reduction of extracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>concentration and by blockers of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>influx. Therefore, ACh activates PLC and mobilizes Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>solely from intracellular stores. The calmodulin inhibitors W-7 and calmidazolium attenuate the ACh-induced increase in [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>but completely abolish the elevation in CBF. Therefore, elevation of [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>is necessary for CBF enhancement but does not lead directly to it. The combined effect of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>elevation and of additional factors, presumably mobilized by Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-calmodulin, results in a robust CBF enhancement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2001.280.1.c100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,24]],"date-time":"2017-12-24T22:55:33Z","timestamp":1514156133000},"page":"C100-C109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Role of calcium and calmodulin in ciliary stimulation induced by acetylcholine"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"280","author":[{"given":"Orna","family":"Zagoory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Braiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, 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