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Human mitral valve endothelial cells (HMVECs) were treated with EMPs. The phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the association of eNOS and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), and the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u02d9<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) were measured. EMPs were increased significantly in patients with mitral valve disease compared with those in healthy subjects. EMPs were negatively correlated with mitral valve area in patients with isolated mitral stenosis. EMPs were significantly higher in the group with severe mitral regurgitation than those in the group with mild and moderate mitral regurgitation. Furthermore, EMPs were decreased dramatically in both Akt and eNOS phosphorylation and the association of HSP90 with eNOS in HMVECs. EMPs decreased NO production but increased O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u02d9<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> generation in HMVECs. Our data demonstrated that EMPs were significantly increased in patients with mitral valve disease. The increase of EMPs can in turn impair HMVEC function by inhibiting the Akt\/eNOS-HSP90 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that EMPs may be a therapeutic target for mitral valve disease. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00016.2013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,6]],"date-time":"2013-02-06T04:15:39Z","timestamp":1360124139000},"page":"E695-E702","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Endothelial microparticles increase in mitral valve disease and impair mitral valve endothelial function"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"304","author":[{"given":"Hong-Bo","family":"Ci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery,"},{"name":"key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health,"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Jun","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health,"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Laboratory for 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