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To examine the role of extraovarian E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>on nonhuman primate gonadotropin regulation, the present study uses letrozole to elicit AI in adult female marmoset monkeys. Sixteen female marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus; &gt;2 yr) were randomly assigned to ovary-intact or ovariectomy (OVX) conditions and subsequently placed on a daily oral regimen of either ~200 \u00b5l vehicle alone (ovary-intact Control, n = 3; OVX, n = 3) or 1 mg \u22c5 kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u22c5 day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>letrozole in vehicle (ovary-intact AI, n = 4; OVX + AI, n = 6). Blood samples were collected every 10 days, and plasma chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and steroid hormone levels were determined by validated radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Ovary-intact, AI-treated and OVX females exhibited elevated CG ( P &lt; 0.01, P = 0.004, respectively) compared with controls, and after 30 days, OVX + AI females exhibited a suprahypergonadotropic phenotype ( P = 0.004) compared with ovary-intact + AI and OVX females. Androstenedione ( P = 0.03) and testosterone ( P = 0.05) were also elevated in ovary-intact, AI-treated females above all other groups. The current study thus confirms in a nonhuman primate that E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>depletion and diminished negative feedback in ovary-intact females engage hypergonadotropic hyperandrogenism. 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