{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:23:35Z","timestamp":1785835415797,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Gastric emptying is a major determinant of glycemia, gastrointestinal hormone release, and appetite. We determined the effects of different intraduodenal glucose loads on glycemia, insulinemia, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK), antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy subjects. Blood glucose, plasma hormone, and antropyloroduodenal motor responses to 120-min intraduodenal infusions of glucose at 1) 1 (\u201cG1\u201d), 2) 2 (\u201cG2\u201d), and 3) 4 (\u201cG4\u201d) kcal\/min or of 4) saline (\u201ccontrol\u201d) were measured in 10 healthy males in double-blind, randomized fashion. Immediately after each infusion, energy intake at a buffet meal was quantified. Blood glucose rose in response to all glucose infusions ( P &lt; 0.05 vs. control), with the effect of G4 and G2 being greater than that of G1 ( P &lt; 0.05) but with no difference between G2 and G4. The rises in insulin, GLP-1, GIP, and CCK were related to the glucose load ( r &gt; 0.82, P &lt; 0.05). All glucose infusions suppressed antral ( P &lt; 0.05), but only G4 decreased duodenal, pressure waves ( P &lt; 0.01), resulted in a sustained stimulation of basal pyloric pressure ( P &lt; 0.01), and decreased energy intake ( P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, variations in duodenal glucose loads have differential effects on blood glucose, plasma insulin, GLP-1, GIP and CCK, antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy subjects. These observations have implications for strategies to minimize postprandial glycemic excursions in type 2 diabetes. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00159.2007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,4]],"date-time":"2007-07-04T00:40:38Z","timestamp":1183509638000},"page":"E743-E753","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Load-dependent effects of duodenal glucose on glycemia, gastrointestinal hormones, antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy men"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Amelia N.","family":"Pilichiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reawika","family":"Chaikomin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ixchel M.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith M.","family":"Wishart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Rayner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre J. 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