{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T13:52:59Z","timestamp":1761918779053},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The partitioning of whole body carbon flux between fat and lean compartments affects body composition. We hypothesized that it is possible to simultaneously determine whole body carbon (energy) balance and the dynamics of lipids and proteins in specific tissues in vivo. Growing C57BL\/6J mice fed a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet were injected with a bolus of \u201cdoubly labeled\u201d water (i.e.,<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O). The rate of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>production was determined from the difference between the elimination rates of<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>H and<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O from body water. The rates of synthesis and degradation of triglycerides extracted from epididymal fat pads and of proteins extracted from heart muscle were determined by mathematically modeling the<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>H labeling of triglyceride-bound glycerol and protein-bound alanine, respectively. We found that mice were in positive carbon balance (\u223c20% retention per day) and accumulated lipid in epididymal fat pads (\u223c9 \u03bcmol triglyceride accumulated per day). This is consistent with the fact that mice were studied during a period of growth. Modeling the<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>H labeling of triglycerides revealed a substantial rate of lipid breakdown during this anabolic state (equivalent to \u223c25% of the newly synthesized triglyceride). We found equal rates of protein synthesis and breakdown in heart muscle (\u223c10% of the pool per day), consistent with the fact that the heart muscle mass did not change. In total, these findings demonstrate a novel application of the doubly labeled water method. Utilization of this approach, especially in unique rodent models, should facilitate studies aimed at quantifying the efficacy of interventions that modulate whole body carbon balance and lipid flux while in parallel determining their impact on (cardiac) muscle protein turnover. Last, the simplicity of administering doubly labeled water and collecting samples allows this method to be used in virtually any laboratory setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00340.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T02:18:31Z","timestamp":1135131511000},"page":"E1048-E1056","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Novel application of the \u201cdoubly labeled\u201d water method: measuring CO<sub>2<\/sub>production and the tissue-specific dynamics of lipid and protein in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"290","author":[{"given":"Ilya R.","family":"Bederman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle A.","family":"Dufner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen F.","family":"Previs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00211.2001"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03290020042020"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00128.2003"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.2002.5720"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulbitz Cand Kennedy EP.A note on the asymmetrical metabolism of glycerol.J Biol Chem211: 963\u2013967, 1954.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71183-6"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1997.273.6.E1209"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413948200"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2240731"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9888(199701)32:1<81::AID-JMS454>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00580.2004"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0873-y"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.076158"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.5.E998"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00485.2002"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8305"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1955.7.6.704"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(66)90185-8"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2003.09.003"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClintock Rand Lifson N.CO2output and energy balance of hereditary obese mice.Am J Physiol189: 463\u2013469, 1957.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1957.189.3.463"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.16.1519"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232551499"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90260-2"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2003.11.018"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00271.2003"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200203143461112"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schambye Pand Wood HG.Biological asymmetry of glycerol and formation of asymmetrically labeled glucose.J Biol Chem206: 875\u2013882, 1954.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50858-4"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/118.11.1278"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1986.250.5.R823"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoenheimer Rand Rittenberg D.Deuterium as an indicator in the study of intermediary metabolism. 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