{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T14:35:21Z","timestamp":1776436521025,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"There is no any funder."},{"name":"There is no any funder."},{"name":"There is no any funder."},{"name":"There is no any funder."},{"name":"There is no any funder."},{"name":"There is no any funder."},{"name":"There is no any funder."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.physiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Current in vitro models have played important roles in improving knowledge and understanding of cellular and molecular biology, but cannot exactly recapitulate the physiology of human tissues such as thyroid. In this article, we conducted a systematic review to present scientific and methodological time-trends of the reconstruction and generation of 3\u2009D functional thyroid follicles and organoids for thyroid research in health and disease. \u201cWeb of Science (ISI)\u201d, \u201cScopus\u201d, \u201cEmbase\u201d, \u201cCochrane Library\u201d, and \u201cPubMed\u201d were systematically searched for papers published since 1950 to May 2020 in English language, using the predefined keywords. 212 articles were reviewed and finally 28 papers that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Among the evidence for the examination of 3\u2009D cell culture methods in thyroid research, there were only a few studies related to the organoid technology and its potential applications in understanding morphological, histological, and physiological characteristics of the thyroid gland and reconstructing this tissue. Besides, there was no study using organoids to investigate the tumorigenesis process of thyroid. Based on the results of this study, despite all the limitations and controversies, the exciting and promising organoid technology offers researchers a wide range of potential applications for more accurate modeling of thyroid in health and diseases and provides an excellent preclinical in vitro platform. In future, organoid technology can provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and tumorigenesis of thyroid tissue and more effective treatment for related disorders due to more accurate simulation of the thyroid physiology. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00479.2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T11:55:41Z","timestamp":1610366141000},"page":"E581-E590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A systematic review on thyroid organoid models: time-trend and its achievements"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"320","author":[{"given":"Hilda","family":"Samimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 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