{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T21:11:33Z","timestamp":1767993093311,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We investigated the impact of growth hormone (GH) alone, testosterone (T) alone, and combined GH and T on whole body protein metabolism. Twelve hypopituitary men participated in two studies. Study 1 compared the effects of GH alone with GH plus T, and study 2 compared the effects of T alone with GH plus T. IGF-I, resting energy expenditure (REE), and fat oxidation (F<jats:sub>ox<\/jats:sub>) and rates of whole body leucine appearance (R<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>), oxidation (L<jats:sub>ox<\/jats:sub>), and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD) were measured. In study 1, GH treatment increased mean plasma IGF-I ( P &lt; 0.001). GH did not change leucine R<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub> but reduced L<jats:sub>ox<\/jats:sub> ( P &lt; 0.02) and increased NOLD ( P &lt; 0.02). Addition of T resulted in an additional increase in IGF-I ( P &lt; 0.05), reduction in Lox ( P &lt; 0.002), and increase in NOLD ( P &lt; 0.002). In study 2, T alone did not alter IGF-I levels. T alone did not change leucine R<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub> but reduced L<jats:sub>ox<\/jats:sub> ( P &lt; 0.01) and increased NOLD ( P &lt; 0.01). Addition of GH further reduced L<jats:sub>ox<\/jats:sub> ( P &lt; 0.05) and increased NOLD ( P &lt; 0.05). In both studies, combined treatments on REE and F<jats:sub>ox<\/jats:sub> were greater than either alone. In summary, GH-induced increase of circulating IGF-I is augmented by T, which does not increase IGF-I in the absence of GH. T and GH exerted independent and additive effects on protein metabolism, F<jats:sub>ox<\/jats:sub> and REE. The anabolic effects of T are independent of circulating IGF-I. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00483.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,23]],"date-time":"2005-02-23T04:34:52Z","timestamp":1109133292000},"page":"E266-E271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Growth hormone and testosterone interact positively to enhance protein and energy metabolism in hypopituitary men"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"289","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Gibney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Troels","family":"Wolthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gudmundur","family":"Johannsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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