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Both nodular and diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia occur in ESRD patients. However, their distinct molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Parathyroid tissue obtained from ESRD patients who had undergone parathyroidectomy was used for Illumina transcriptome screening and subsequently for discriminatory gene analysis, pathway mapping, and gene annotation enrichment analysis. Results were further validated using quantitative RT-PCR on the independent larger cohort. Microarray screening proved homogeneity of gene transcripts in hemodialysis patients compared with the transplant cohort and primary hyperparathyroidism; therefore, further experiments were performed in hemodialysis patients only. Enrichment analysis conducted on 485 differentially expressed genes between nodular and diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia revealed highly significant differences in Gene Ontology terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database in ribosome structure ( P = 3.70 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u221218<\/jats:sup>). Next, quantitative RT-PCR validation of the top differently expressed genes from microarray analysis proved higher expression of RAN guanine nucleotide release factor (RANGRF; P &lt; 0.001), calcyclin-binding protein ( CACYBP; P &lt; 0.05), and exocyst complex component 8 ( EXOC8; P &lt; 0.05) and lower expression of peptidylprolyl cis\/ trans-isomerase and NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1; P &lt; 0.01) mRNA in nodular hyperplasia. Multivariate analysis revealed higher RANGRF and lower PIN1 expression along with parathyroid weight to be associated with nodular hyperplasia. In conclusion, our study suggests the RANGRF transcript, which controls RNA metabolism, to be likely involved in pathways associated with the switch to nodular parathyroid growth. This transcript, along with PIN1 transcript, which influences parathyroid hormone secretion, may represent new therapeutical targets to cure secondary hyperparathyroidism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00517.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T03:02:13Z","timestamp":1473217333000},"page":"E720-E729","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Molecular patterns of diffuse and nodular parathyroid hyperplasia in long-term hemodialysis"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"311","author":[{"given":"Irena","family":"T\u00fdcov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplant Laboratory, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie Dusilov\u00e1","family":"Sulkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic;"},{"name":"Hemodialysis Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitka","family":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zden\u011bk","family":"Krej\u010d\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela Dost\u00e1lov\u00e1","family":"Merkerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Str\u00e1neck\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University and 1st School of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Hrub\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplant Laboratory, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Girmanov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplant Laboratory, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"\u010cernoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplant Laboratory, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kv\u011btoslav","family":"Lip\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Marada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ctibor","family":"Pov\u00fd\u0161il","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Charles University and 1st School of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; 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