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We find that adipose tissue from mice treated with RSG have increased capillary density. To determine whether adipose tissue angiogenesis was stimulated by RSG, we developed a novel assay to study angiogenic sprout formation ex vivo. Angiogenic sprout formation from equally sized adipose tissue fragments, but not from aorta rings, was greatly increased by obesity and by TZD treatment in vivo. To define the mechanism involved in RSG-stimulated angiogenesis in adipose tissue, the expression of proangiogenic factors by adipocytes was examined. Expression of VEGFA and VEGFB, as well as of the angiopoietin-like factor-4 (ANGPTL4), was stimulated by in vivo treatment with RSG. To define the potential role of these factors, we analyzed their effects on endothelial cell growth and differentiation in vitro. We found that ANGPTL4 stimulates endothelial cell growth and tubule formation, albeit more weakly than VEGF. However, ANGPTL4 mitigates the growth inhibitory actions of RSG on endothelial cells in the presence or absence of VEGF. Thus, the interplay between VEGF and ANGPTL4 could lead to a net expansion of the adipose tissue capillary network, required for adipose tissue growth, in response to PPAR\u03b3 activators. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90345.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,27]],"date-time":"2008-08-27T00:54:37Z","timestamp":1219798477000},"page":"E1056-E1064","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Enhanced angiogenesis in obesity and in response to PPAR\u03b3 activators through adipocyte VEGF and ANGPTL4 production"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Gealekman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Burkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"My","family":"Chouinard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Nicoloro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juerg","family":"Straubhaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Corvera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.17.2239"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.8.1067"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.104018"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.5.1392"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Bouloumie A, Lolmede K, Sengenes C, Galitzky J, Lafontan M. 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