{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T03:21:39Z","timestamp":1768274499071,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We investigated the mechanisms of airway protection and bolus transport during retching and vomiting by recording responses of the pharyngeal, laryngeal, and hyoid muscles and comparing them with responses during swallowing and responses of the gastrointestinal tract. Five dogs were chronically instrumented with electrodes on the striated muscles and strain gauges on smooth muscles. Retching and vomiting were stimulated by apomorphine (5\u201310 ug\/kg iv). During retching, the hyoid and thyroid descending and laryngeal abductor muscles were activated; between retches, the hyoid, thyroid, and pharyngeal elevating, and laryngeal adductor muscles were activated. Vomiting always occurred during the ascending phase of retching and consisted of three sequential phases of hyoid and pharyngeal muscle activation culminating in simultaneous activation of all recorded elevating and descending laryngeal, hyoid, and pharyngeal muscles. Retrograde activation of esophagus and pharyngeal muscles occurred during the later phases, and laryngeal adductor was maximally activated in all phases of the vomit. During swallowing, the laryngeal adductor activation was followed immediately by brief activation of the laryngeal abductor. We concluded that retching functions to mix gastric contents with refluxed intestinal secretions and to impart an orad momentum to the bolus before vomiting. During retches, the airway is protected by glottal closure, and between retches, it is protected by ascent of the larynx and closure of the upper esophageal sphincter. The airway is protected by maximum glottal closure during vomiting. During swallowing, the airway is protected by laryngeal elevation and glottal closure followed by brief opening of the glottis, which may release subglottal pressure expelling material from the laryngeal vestibule. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00062.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T18:07:10Z","timestamp":1425406030000},"page":"G529-G536","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Mechanisms of airway protection during retching,  vomiting, and swallowing"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"283","author":[{"given":"Ivan M.","family":"Lang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MCW Dysphagia Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Dana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MCW Dysphagia Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bidyut K.","family":"Medda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MCW Dysphagia Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Shaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MCW Dysphagia Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"135","volume":"9","author":"Andrews PLR","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacodyn Therapeut"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198504000-00012"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1956.19.1.44"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"29","volume":"67","author":"Ehrlein HJ.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949610500401"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1967.tb00712.x"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01680891"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"1268","volume":"2","author":"Johnson HD","year":"1966","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1991.260.6.G911"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90072-7"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1993.265.5.G963"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00615515"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.10.3.173"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32697-6","volume":"67","author":"McCarthy LE","year":"1974","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.46.250.788"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"541","volume":"74","author":"Monges H","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809302700905"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431413"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988809900504"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(61)80036-X","volume":"40","author":"Smith CC","year":"1961","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004311-197715010-00002"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800610803"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30430-5"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)01145-1"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(85)80013-0"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00062.2002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]],"date-time":"2019-09-08T20:36:13Z","timestamp":1567974973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00062.2002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpgi.00062.2002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00062.2002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-1857","1522-1547"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-1857","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1547","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]}}}