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Here we examine the role of the enteric peptide bombesin (BBS) in stimulation of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas during PN. BBS protects against exocrine pancreas atrophy and dysfunction caused by PN. BBS also augments circulating insulin levels, suggesting an endocrine pancreas phenotype. While no significant changes in gross endocrine pancreas morphology were observed, pancreatic islets isolated from BBS-treated PN mice showed a significantly enhanced insulin secretion response to the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist exendin-4, correlating with enhanced GLP-1 receptor expression. BBS itself had no effect on islet function, as reflected in low expression of BBS receptors in islet samples. Intestinal BBS receptor expression was enhanced in PN with BBS, and circulating active GLP-1 levels were significantly enhanced in BBS-treated PN mice. We hypothesized that BBS preserved islet function indirectly, through the enteroendocrine cell-pancreas axis. We confirmed the ability of BBS to directly stimulate intestinal enteroid cells to express the GLP-1 precursor preproglucagon. In conclusion, BBS preserves the exocrine and endocrine pancreas functions during PN; however, the endocrine stimulation is likely indirect, through the enteroendocrine cell-pancreas axis. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00072.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]],"date-time":"2015-07-16T21:54:35Z","timestamp":1437083675000},"page":"G431-G442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The gastrin-releasing peptide analog bombesin preserves exocrine and endocrine pancreas morphology and function during parenteral nutrition"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"309","author":[{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Pierre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Neuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison L.","family":"Brill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harpreet K.","family":"Brar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary F.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelsey M.","family":"Connors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron F.","family":"Heneghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candace M.","family":"Cham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaina K.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carly R.","family":"Kibbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0239-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn B.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William S. 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