{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:49:46Z","timestamp":1791910186100,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Although symptoms arising from the esophagus such as heartburn and pain can at times become challenging clinical problems, esophageal viscerosensation, especially with regard to chemical stimulation in humans, is incompletely understood. Our aims were 1) to characterize and ascertain the reproducibility of cerebral cortical registration of heartburn and 2) to elucidate the differences between these findings and those of esophageal subliminal acid stimulation in asymptomatic controls. We studied 11 gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients (9 males, 30\u201355 yr) and 15 healthy controls (8 males, 21\u201349 yr). Cerebral cortical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity was recorded twice in each subject, during two 5-min intervals of 0.1 N HCl, separated by 5 min of NaCl perfusion. Time from onset of acid perfusion to instant of fMRI signal increase and first report of heartburn averaged 1.60 \u00b1 0.80 and 1.85 \u00b1 0.60 min, respectively. Average maximum percent signal increase in the GERD patients (16.3 \u00b1 3.5%) was significantly greater than that of healthy controls (3.8 \u00b1 0.9%; P &lt; 0.01). Temporal fMRI signal characteristics during heartburn were significantly different from those of subliminal acid stimulation in controls ( P &lt; 0.01). Activated cortical regions included sensory\/motor, parieto-occipital, cingulate and prefrontal regions, and the insula. There was 92% concordance between the activated Brodmann areas in repeated studies of GERD patients. Cortical activity associated with perceived and unperceived esophageal acid exposure in GERD patients and healthy controls, respectively, involves multiple brain regions but occurs more rapidly and with greater intensity in GERD patients than the activity in response to subliminal acid exposure in healthy controls. The cortical pain-processing pathway seems to be involved in perception of esophageal acid exposure and could explain the variations encountered in clinical practice defining this sensation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00184.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,31]],"date-time":"2004-01-31T00:54:27Z","timestamp":1075510467000},"page":"G174-G181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Characterization of the cerebral cortical representation of heartburn in GERD patients"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"286","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Kern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin Dysphagia Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Center, Biophysics Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candy","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin Dysphagia Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Center, Biophysics Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin Dysphagia Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Center, Biophysics Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Shaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin Dysphagia Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Center, Biophysics Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"Apkarian AV and Shi T. 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