{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:58:14Z","timestamp":1790182694237,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Enteropancreatic hormone secretion is thought to include a cephalic phase, but the evidence in humans is ambiguous. We studied vagally induced gut hormone responses with and without muscarinic blockade in 10 glucose-clamped healthy men (age: 24.5 \u00b1 0.6 yr, means \u00b1 SE; body mass index: 24.0 \u00b1 0.5 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; HbA<jats:sub>1c:<\/jats:sub> 5.1 \u00b1 0.1%\/31.4 \u00b1 0.5 mmol\/mol). Cephalic activation was elicited by modified sham feeding (MSF, aka \u201cchew and spit\u201d) with or without atropine (1 mg bolus 45 min before MSF + 80 ng\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for 2 h). To mimic incipient prandial glucose excursions, glucose levels were clamped at 6 mmol\/l on all days. The meal stimulus for the MSF consisted of an appetizing breakfast. Participants (9\/10) also had a 6 mmol\/l glucose clamp without MSF. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels rose from 6.3 \u00b1 1.1 to 19.9 \u00b1 6.8 pmol\/l (means \u00b1 SE) in response to MSF and atropine lowered basal PP levels and abolished the MSF response. Neither insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), nor glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels changed in response to MSF or atropine. Glucagon and ghrelin levels were markedly attenuated by atropine prior to and during the clamp: at t = 105 min on the atropine (ATR) + clamp (CLA) + MSF compared with the saline (SAL) + CLA and SAL + CLA + MSF days; baseline-subtracted glucagon levels were \u221210.7 \u00b1 1.1 vs. \u22124.0 \u00b1 1.1 and \u22124.7 \u00b1 1.9 pmol\/l (means \u00b1 SE), P &lt; 0.0001, respectively; corresponding baseline-subtracted ghrelin levels were 303 \u00b1 36 vs. 39 \u00b1 38 and 3.7 \u00b1 21 pg\/ml (means \u00b1 SE), P &lt; 0.0001. Glucagon and ghrelin levels were unaffected by MSF. Despite adequate PP responses, a cephalic phase response was absent for insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, GIP, and ghrelin. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00222.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T03:13:08Z","timestamp":1445569988000},"page":"G43-G51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Cephalic phase secretion of insulin and other enteropancreatic hormones in humans"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"310","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Veedfald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark;"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;"},{"name":"NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 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