{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:21:58Z","timestamp":1790396518431,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine the effects and mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) and additive effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on colonic inflammation in a rodent model of IBD. Chronic inflammation in rats was induced by intrarectal TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid). The rats were then treated with sham ES (electrical stimulation), VNS, or VNS + EA for 3 wk. Inflammatory responses were assessed by disease activity index (DAI), macroscopic scores and histological scores of colonic tissues, plasma levels of TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of colonic tissues. The autonomic function was assessed by the spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) derived from the electrocardiogram. It was found that 1) the area under curve (AUC) of DAI was substantially decreased with VNS + EA and VNS, with VNS + EA being more effective than VNS ( P &lt; 0.001); 2) the macroscopic score was 6.43\u2009\u00b1\u20090.61 in the sham ES group and reduced to 1.86\u2009\u00b1\u20090.26 with VNS ( P &lt; 0.001) and 1.29\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18 with VNS + EA ( P &lt; 0.001); 3) the histological score was 4.05\u2009\u00b1\u20090.58 in the sham ES group and reduced to 1.93\u2009\u00b1\u20090.37 with VNS ( P &lt; 0.001) and 1.36\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20 with VNS + EA ( P &lt; 0.001); 4) the plasma levels of TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and MPO were all significantly decreased with VNS and VNS + EA compared with the sham ES group; and 5) autonomically, both VNS + EA and VNS substantially increased vagal activity and decreased sympathetic activity compared with sham EA ( P &lt; 0.001, P &lt; 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, chronic VNS improves inflammation in TNBS-treated rats by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines via the autonomic mechanism. Addition of noninvasive EA to VNS may enhance the anti-inflammatory effect of VNS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to address and compare the effects of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), electrical acupuncture (EA) and VNS + EA on TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid)-induced colitis in rats. The proposed chronic VNS + EA, VNS, and EA were shown to decrease DAI and ameliorate macroscopic and microscopic damages in rats with TNBS-induced colitis via the autonomic pathway. The addition of EA to VNS provided a significant effect on the behavioral assessment of inflammation (DAI, CMDI, and histological score) but not on cytokines or mechanistic measurements, suggesting an overall systemic effect of EA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>View this article\u2019s corresponding video summary at https:\/\/youtu.be\/-rEz6HMkErM .<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00254.2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T20:40:16Z","timestamp":1495744816000},"page":"G192-G202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation combined with electroacupuncture in a rodent model of TNBS-induced colitis"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China;"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiemin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Foreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieyun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"Ningbo Pace Medical Research Center, Beilun, Ningbo, China; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China;"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiande D. Z.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"},{"name":"Ningbo Pace Medical Research Center, Beilun, Ningbo, China; and"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0435-8"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20753"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(94)90047-7"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.7.5.617"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90322.2008"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22957"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100021855"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.08.016"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1692"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"27","volume":"39","author":"Hou TS","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.09.026"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2007.11.003"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/158352"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.07.012"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jju007"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-014-1521-6"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.10.007"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(89)80079-4"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01320"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.2.203"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00272.2001"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.001"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1995-7"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00271-8"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e318281f37a"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5234.283"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12183"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064816"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069424"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i5.1028"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.12.002"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2008.01252.x"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.7710"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9561-y"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(09)60033-9"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00252.2009"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00254.2016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]],"date-time":"2019-09-08T19:07:08Z","timestamp":1567969628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00254.2016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpgi.00254.2016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00254.2016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-1857","1522-1547"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-1857","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1547","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]}}}