{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:54:33Z","timestamp":1789444473004,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> For preterm neonates, the quality of the first milk is crucial for intestinal maturation and resistance to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Among other factors, milk quality is determined by the stage of lactation and processing. We hypothesized that unprocessed mature bovine milk (BM; raw bovine milk) would have less bioactivity than corresponding bovine colostrum (BC) in a preterm pig model, but have improved bioactivity relative to its homogenized, pasteurized, spray-dried equivalent, whole milk powder (WMP), or a bovine milk protein-based infant formula (IF). For 5 days, newborn preterm pigs received parenteral and enteral nutrition consisting of IF ( n = 13), BM ( n = 13), or BC ( n = 14). In a second study, WMP ( n = 15) was compared with IF ( n = 10) and BM ( n = 9). Compared with pigs fed IF, pigs that were fed BM had significantly improved intestinal structure (mucosal weight, villus height) and function (increased nutrient absorption and enzyme activities, decreased gut permeability, nutrient fermentation, and NEC severity). BC further improved these effects relative to BM (lactase activity, lactose absorption, plasma citrulline, and tissue interleukin-8). WMP induced similar effects as BM, except for lactase activity and lactose absorption. In conclusion, the maturational and protective effects on the immature intestine decreased in the order BC&gt;BM&gt;WMP, but all three intact bovine milk diets were markedly better than IF. The stage of lactation (colostrum vs. mature milk) and milk processing (e.g., homogenization, fractionation, pasteurization, spray-drying) are important factors in determining milk quality during the early postnatal period of preterm neonates. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00255.2013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,25]],"date-time":"2013-10-25T08:18:05Z","timestamp":1382689085000},"page":"G81-G90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Raw bovine milk improves gut responses to feeding relative to infant formula in preterm piglets"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"306","author":[{"given":"Yanqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark;"},{"name":"Arla Foods Ingredients Group P\/S, Viby, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikkel L.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dereck E. 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