{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T13:56:07Z","timestamp":1761918967093},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Ethanol is a well-established irritant inducing inflammation in gastric mucosa, but the effects at the cellular level remain unclear. This study investigates NF-\u03baB activation in gastric mucosal cells by ethanol and assesses the effects of heat shock pretreatment in this ulcerogenic situation. Rat gastric mucosal epithelia were exposed to ethanol for different time periods. Heat shock was induced by incubating the cells at 42\u00b0C for 1 h prior to the experiments. For evaluation of NF-\u03baB activation, the nuclear fraction of the cell lysates was analyzed with an EMSA or an ELISA-based assay. Caspase-3 (a promoter of apoptosis) activity was measured with a time-resolved fluorescence based assay, cell viability with a tetrazolium assay, and cell membrane integrity with a LDH assay. Ethanol (1\u20135%) induced NF-\u03baB activation, reaching a maximum after 3 h, and also led to moderately increased COX-2 expression. Heat shock pretreatment and the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA were able to inhibit ethanol-induced NF-\u03baB activation. Heat shock pretreatment decreased ethanol-induced caspase-3 activation, decreased cell membrane damage, and retained cellular viability. Inhibition of NF-\u03baB activation by NEMO-binding peptide, by decreasing RelA expression, or by inhibiting COX-2 activity by CAY-14040 promoted the effects of ethanol, such as increased caspase-3 activity and decreased cell viability. In conclusion, ethanol induces NF-\u03baB activation via a calcium-dependent pathway and induces COX-2 expression. Inhibition of the NF-\u03baB activation or COX-2 activity potentiates apoptosis and cell damage induced by ethanol, suggesting a protective role for NF-\u03baB activation and COX-2 expression. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00273.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]],"date-time":"2007-03-09T02:15:02Z","timestamp":1173406502000},"page":"G1614-G1621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ethanol induced NF-\u03baB activation protects against cell injury in cultured rat gastric mucosal epithelium"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"292","author":[{"given":"Harri","family":"Mustonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Hietaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauli","family":"Puolakkainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esko","family":"Kemppainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Paimela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuula","family":"Kiviluoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Kivilaakso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00264-1"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203238"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000072058"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.08.051"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y96-063"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/26.8.831"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01309319"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2000.278.3.C451"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322985"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko JK, Cho CH. 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