{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:27:04Z","timestamp":1779236824510,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) plays a major role in pain processing and hypersensitivity. This study investigated whether PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>levels are increased in the esophageal mucosa after acid infusion and whether increases in PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>are associated with heartburn. Furthermore, expression of the PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptor EP1 was investigated in human esophageal mucosa. Fourteen healthy male volunteers were randomized to 30-min lower esophageal acid (1% HCl) or saline perfusion. Before and after acid perfusion, endoscopic biopsies were taken from the distal esophagus. PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>concentration (pg\/mg protein) and EP1 mRNA and protein in biopsy samples were measured by ELISA, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. Symptom status of heartburn was evaluated with a validated categorical rating scale with a higher values corresponding to increasing intensity. PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>levels in the esophageal mucosa significantly increased after acid infusion (before vs. after acid infusion: 23.2 \u00b1 8.6 vs. 68.6 \u00b1 18.3, P &lt; 0.05), but not after saline infusion (before vs. after saline infusion: 9.3 \u00b1 2.5 vs. 9.0 \u00b1 3.2, NS). Time to first sensation (min) after acid infusion was less than after saline (saline vs. acid infusion: 22.1 \u00b1 4.1 vs. 5.4 \u00b1 1.5, P &lt; 0.05). Intensity of heartburn in the acid-infusion group was also significantly greater compared with saline (saline vs. acid infusion: 54.3 \u00b1 13.1 vs. 178.5 \u00b1 22.8, P &lt; 0.01). Changes in PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>levels in the esophagus correlated with symptom intensity score ( r = 0.80, P = 0.029). EP1 mRNA and protein expression were observed in the normal human esophageal mucosa. Esophageal PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>expression is associated with mucosal acid exposure and heartburn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00276.2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T13:39:06Z","timestamp":1359725946000},"page":"G568-G573","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Prostaglandin E<sub>2<\/sub>mediates acid-induced heartburn in healthy volunteers"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"304","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Upper Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadayuki","family":"Oshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Upper Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Upper Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Upper Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Watari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Upper Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minase Research Institute, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shojiro","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Sasako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Lower Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; 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