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We employed principally a titrimetric approach to obtain metastable and equilibrium UCB solubilities in model bile systems composed of taurine-conjugated bile salts, egg yolk lecithin (mixed long-chain phosphatidylcholines), and cholesterol as functions of total lipid concentration, biliary pH values, and CaCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>plus NaCl concentrations. Metastable and equilibrium precipitation pH values were obtained, and average pK<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>values of the two carboxyl groups of UCB were calculated. Added lecithin and increased temperature decreased UCB solubility markedly, whereas increases in bile salt concentrations and molar levels of urea augmented solubility. A wide range of NaCl and cholesterol concentrations resulted in no specific effects, whereas added CaCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>produced large decreases in UCB solubilities at alkaline pH values only. UV-visible absorption spectra were consistent with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between UCB and bile salts that were strongly influenced by pH. Reliable literature values for UCB compositions of native gallbladder biles revealed that biles from hemolytic mice and humans with black pigment gallstones are markedly supersaturated with UCB and exhibit more acidic pH values, whereas biles from nonstone control animals and patients with cholesterol gallstone are unsaturated with UCB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00277.2014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]],"date-time":"2014-10-31T03:30:45Z","timestamp":1414726245000},"page":"G42-G55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Metastable and equilibrium phase diagrams of unconjugated bilirubin IX\u03b1 as functions of pH in model bile systems: Implications for pigment gallstone formation"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"308","author":[{"given":"Marvin D.","family":"Berman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and 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