{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:13:35Z","timestamp":1790936015809,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Botulinum toxin injection into the pylorus is reported to improve gastric emptying in gastroparesis. Classically, botulinum toxin inhibits ACh release from cholinergic nerves in skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of botulinum toxin on pyloric smooth muscle. Guinea pig pyloric muscle strips were studied in vitro. Botulinum toxin type A was added; electric field stimulation (EFS) was performed every 30 min for 6 h. ACh (100 \u03bcM)-induced contractile responses were determined before and after 6 h. Botulinum toxin caused a concentration-dependent decrease of pyloric contractions to EFS. At a low concentration (2 U\/ml), botulinum toxin decreased pyloric contractions to EFS by 43 \u00b1 9% without affecting ACh-induced contractions. At higher concentrations (10 U\/ml), botulinum toxin decreased pyloric contraction to EFS by 75 \u00b1 7% and decreased ACh-induced contraction by 79 \u00b1 9%. In conclusion, botulinum toxin inhibits pyloric smooth muscle contractility. At a low concentration, botulinum toxin decreases EFS-induced contractile responses without affecting ACh-induced contractions suggesting inhibition of ACh release from cholinergic nerves. At higher concentrations, botulinum toxin directly inhibits smooth muscle contractility as evidenced by the decreased contractile response to ACh. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00296.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T19:59:02Z","timestamp":1425412742000},"page":"G291-G297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Inhibitory effects of botulinum toxin on pyloric and antral smooth  muscle"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"285","author":[{"given":"Arlene N.","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Temple University School of  Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Temple University School of  Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry P.","family":"Parkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Temple University School of  Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"REF1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00499155"},{"key":"REF2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365160a0"},{"key":"REF3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1985.249.5.G580"},{"key":"REF4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701497"},{"key":"REF5","unstructured":"Crowell MD,  Lacy BE, and Schettler-Duncan V. 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Action of botulinum toxin on gut  smooth muscle involves cholinergic and non-cholinergic neural pathways  (Abstract). Gastroenterology 112: A840,  1997."},{"key":"REF25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00785.x"},{"key":"REF26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2003.98"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00296.2002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:42:35Z","timestamp":1567989755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00296.2002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpgi.00296.2002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00296.2002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-1857","1522-1547"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-1857","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1547","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]}}}