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The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of boswellia extracts in controlled settings of dextran sulfate- or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Our results suggest that boswellia is ineffective in ameliorating colitis in these models. Moreover, individual boswellic acids were demonstrated to increase the basal and IL-1\u03b2-stimulated NF-\u03baB activity in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro as well as reverse proliferative effects of IL-1\u03b2. We also observed hepatotoxic effect of boswellia with pronounced hepatomegaly and steatosis. Hepatotoxity and increased lipid accumulation in response to boswellia were further confirmed in vitro in HepG2 cells with fluorescent Nile red binding\/resazurin reduction assay and by confocal microscopy. Microarray analyses of hepatic gene expression demonstrated dysregulation of a number of genes, including a large group of lipid metabolism-related genes, and detoxifying enzymes, a response consistent with that to hepatotoxic xenobiotics. In summary, boswellia does not ameliorate symptoms of colitis in chemically induced murine models and, in higher doses, may become hepatotoxic. Potential implications of prolonged and uncontrolled intake of boswellia as an herbal supplement in inflammatory bowel disease and other inflammatory conditions should be considered in future clinical trials with this botanical.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00433.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,12]],"date-time":"2004-11-12T01:14:34Z","timestamp":1100222074000},"page":"G798-G808","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Effects of<i>Boswellia serrata<\/i>in mouse models of chemically induced colitis"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"288","author":[{"given":"Pawel R.","family":"Kiela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna J.","family":"Midura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nesrin","family":"Kuscuoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shivanand D.","family":"Jolad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anik\u00f3 M.","family":"S\u00f3lyom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Besselsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara N.","family":"Timmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fayez K.","family":"Ghishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbaszade IG, Clarke TR, Park CH, and Payne AH.The mouse 3 \u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase multigene family includes two functionally distinct groups of proteins.Mol Endocrinol9: 1214\u20131222, 1995.","DOI":"10.1210\/me.9.9.1214"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90006-Q"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(03)00160-0"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.30033.x"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Dreyling KW, Kozuschek W, Schaarschmidt K, Goebell H, and Peskar BM.Role of the endogenous leukotriene system in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.Prog Clin Biol Res242: 309\u2013315, 1987."},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.18.1569"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199301283280406"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(89)90108-1"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-10708"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Gupta I, Gupta V, Parihar A, Gupta S, Ludtke R, Safayhi H, and Ammon HP.Effects ofBoswellia serratagum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical study.Eur J Med Res3: 511\u2013514, 1998."},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-15802"},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"Gupta I, Parihar A, Malhotra P, Singh GB, Ludtke R, Safayhi H, and Ammon HP.Effects ofBoswellia serratagum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis.Eur J Med Res2: 37\u201343, 1997."},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9041232"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9236(95)90159-0"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/1999\/586765"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.208_a.x"},{"key":"R17","unstructured":"Hoernlein RF, Orlikowsky T, Zehrer C, Niethammer D, Sailer ER, Simmet T, Dannecker GE, and Ammon HP.Acetyl-11-keto-\u03b2-boswellic acid induces apoptosis in HL-60 and CCRF-CEM cells and inhibits topoisomerase I.J Pharmacol Exp Ther288: 613\u2013619, 1999."},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"Kirtikar KRBB.Indian Medicinal Plants. 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