{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T01:02:20Z","timestamp":1769562140241,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors play an important role in the regulation of gastric acid secretion stimulated by acetylcholine; nonetheless, the precise role of each receptor subtype (M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2013M<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>) remains unclear. This study examined the involvement of M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, M<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, and M<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> receptors in cholinergic regulation of acid secretion using muscarinic receptor knockout (KO) mice. Gastric acid secretion was measured in both mice subjected to acute gastric fistula production under urethane anesthesia and conscious mice that had previously undergone pylorus ligation. M<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> KO mice exhibited impaired gastric acid secretion in response to carbachol. Unexpectedly, M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> KO mice exhibited normal intragastric pH, serum gastrin and mucosal histamine levels, and gastric acid secretion stimulatied by carbachol, histamine, and gastrin. Pirenzepine, known as an M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-receptor antagonist, inhibited carbachol-stimulated gastric acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner in M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> KO mice as well as in wild-type (WT) mice, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of pirenzepine on gastric acid secretion is independent of M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-receptor antagonism. Notably, M<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> KO mice exhibited both significantly lower carbachol-stimulated gastric acid secretion and histamine-secretory responses to carbachol compared with WT mice. RT-PCR analysis revealed M<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>-mRNA expression in the stomach, but not in either the fundic or antral mucosa. Consequently, cholinergic stimulation of gastric acid secretion is clearly mediated by M<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (on parietal cells) and M<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> receptors (conceivably in the submucosal plexus), but not M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> receptors. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00514.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,3]],"date-time":"2005-02-03T20:25:19Z","timestamp":1107462319000},"page":"G1199-G1207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Cholinergically stimulated gastric acid secretion is mediated by M<sub>3<\/sub> and M<sub>5<\/sub> but not M<sub>1<\/sub> muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in mice"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"288","author":[{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Aihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto M.","family":"Taketo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susumu","family":"Okabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.09.018"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(03)00015-9"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030006057500300205"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"Caulfield MP and Birdsall NJM. International union of pharmacology. XVII. Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 50: 279\u2013290, 1998."},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.012"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703276"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.052019"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604253341707"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(96)00021-3"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1995.75.1.155"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Hirschowitz BI, Fong J, and Molina E. Effects of pirenzepine and atropine on vagal and cholinergic gastric secretion and gastrin release and on heart rate in the dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 225: 263\u2013268, 1983."},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90019-U"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9441"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00169726"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(97)01018-5"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(90)90093-C"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.17.9579"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.05.034"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muto Y, Nagao T, Yamada M, Mikoshiba K, Urushidani T. A proposed mechanism for the potentiation of cAMP-mediated acid secretion by carbachol. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280: C155\u2013C165, 2001.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2001.280.1.C155"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00492448"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.064626"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02732.x"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91314-V"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142205"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.59.1.243"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142213"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.4.G997"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.59.1.273"},{"key":"R29","unstructured":"Soll AH. Receptors that regulate acid secretory function. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (3rd ed.), edited by Johnson LR. New York: Raven, 1994, p. 1139\u20131170."},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.30312"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1995.tb15904.x"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevNeurobiol.v10.i1.40"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121622"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01872634"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8964409"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7537"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00514.2004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]],"date-time":"2019-09-08T20:59:52Z","timestamp":1567976392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00514.2004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/ajpgi.00514.2004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00514.2004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-1857","1522-1547"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-1857","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1547","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}}}