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C57BL\/6 mice were infected with 375 T. spiralis larvae by gavage, and the presence of macrophages (F4\/80 positive) in the jejunum was determined immunohistochemically. In another experiment, infected mice were treated intravenously with liposomes containing dichloromethylene diphosphonate (clodronate, Cl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>MDP), which causes apoptosis of macrophages, and killed at postinfection day 6, and jejunal tissues were evaluated for the presence of F4\/80-positive cells and for [<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H]ACh release from the myenteric plexus. Infection caused an infiltration of F4\/80-positive cells into the intestinal mucosa, muscle layers, and myenteric plexus region and a significant suppression of ACh release (50%). Depletion of F4\/80-positive macrophages using Cl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>MDP-containing liposomes prevented the suppression in [<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H]ACh release, identifying macrophages as the cell type involved in the functional impairment of enteric cholinergic nerves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2000.278.2.g259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,24]],"date-time":"2017-12-24T15:20:36Z","timestamp":1514128836000},"page":"G259-G265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Inflammation-induced impairment of enteric nerve function in nematode-infected mice is macrophage dependent"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"278","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Galeazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intestinal Diseases Research Programme and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Haapala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intestinal Diseases Research Programme and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"van Rooijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Vriej Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Vallance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intestinal Diseases Research Programme and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intestinal Diseases Research Programme and"},{"name":"Gastrointestinal Division and Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90441-0"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018936806278"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830111013"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"189","volume":"280","author":"Biewenga J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01969102"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12506462"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1989.257.6.G898"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"A958","volume":"112","author":"Der-Silaphet T.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.8.1627.1627","volume":"77","author":"Dinarello C. 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